Methods and systems for methods and systems for in-line deduplication in a distributed storage system

ABSTRACT

A method for deduplicating data comprising: obtaining, from a metadata node and by file system client executing on a client application node, a data layout; generating, by the client application node, a fingerprint for the data stored on the client application node; generating, by a memory hypervisor module executing on the client application node, at least one input/output (I/O) request specifying a location in a storage pool, wherein the location is determined using the data layout; issuing, by the memory hypervisor module, the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, wherein processing the at least one I/O request results in at least a portion of the data being stored at the location; and after issuing the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, transmitting the fingerprint to the metadata node, wherein the metadata node attempts to deduplicate the data using the fingerprint.

BACKGROUND

Applications generate and/or manipulate large amounts of data. Thus, the performance of these applications is typically impacted by the manner in which the applications may read and/or write data.

SUMMARY

In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to a method for storing data, the method comprising: obtaining, from a metadata node and by file system (FS) client executing on a client application node, a data layout, generating, by the client application node, a fingerprint for the data stored on the client application node, generating, by a memory hypervisor module executing on the client application node, at least one input/output (I/O) request, wherein the at least one I/O request specifies a location in a storage pool, wherein the location is determined using the data layout, issuing, by the memory hypervisor module, the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, wherein processing the at least one I/O request results in at least a portion of the data being stored at the location, and after issuing the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, transmitting the fingerprint to the metadata node, wherein the metadata node attempts to deduplicate the data using the fingerprint.

In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, enables the processor to perform a method for storing data, the method comprising obtaining, from a metadata node and by file system (FS) client executing on a client application node, a data layout, generating, by the client application node, a fingerprint for the data stored on the client application node, generating, by a memory hypervisor module executing on the client application node, at least one input/output (I/O) request, wherein the I/O request specifies a location in a storage pool, wherein the location is determined using the data layout, issuing, by the memory hypervisor module, the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, wherein processing the at least one I/O request results in at least a portion of the encrypted data being stored at the location, and after issuing the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, transmitting the fingerprint to the metadata node, wherein the metadata node attempts to deduplicate the data using the fingerprint.

In general, in one aspect, the invention relates to a system, comprising: a client application node comprising a processor and configured to: obtain a data layout from a metadata node, generate a fingerprint for the data stored on the client application node; generate at least one input/output (I/O) request, wherein the I/O request specifies a location in a storage pool, wherein the location is determined using the data layout, wherein the storage pool comprises a memory device in a storage node and wherein the location is in the memory device; issue the at least one I/O request to the storage node; and after issuing the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, transmit the fingerprint to the metadata node; the metadata node comprising a second processor and configured to: provide the data layout to the client application node; and attempt to deduplicate the data stored in the storage pool using the fingerprint; and the storage node comprising a third processor, the memory device and configured to: process the at least one I/O request, wherein processing the at least one I/O request results in at least a portion of the data being stored at the location.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a diagram of a system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 1B shows a diagram of computer and storage infrastructure (CSI) in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2A shows a diagram of a client application node in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 2B shows a diagram of a client file system (FS) container in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a metadata node in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 4 shows an example of a storage node in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5A shows relationships between various virtual elements in the system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 5B shows relationships between various virtual and physical elements in the system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a method of generating and servicing a mapping request in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of a method of servicing a write request in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of a method of servicing a write request with in-line deduplication in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of a method of serving a write request using an in-line error detection mechanism in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart of a method of serving a read request using an in-line error detection mechanism in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 11 shows a flowchart of a method of servicing a write request using a data protection scheme in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 12A-12B show flowcharts of a method of rebuilding metadata and/or data in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart of a method of serving a write request using an encryption mechanism in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 14 shows a flowchart of a method of serving a read request using an encryption mechanism in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 15A-15B shows relationships between various virtual and physical elements in the system implementing tiering in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 16 shows a flowchart of a method of generating and servicing a mapping request in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Specific embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying figures. In the following description, numerous details are set forth as examples of the invention. One of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this detailed description, would appreciate that one or more embodiments of the present invention may be practiced without these specific details and that numerous variations or modifications may be possible without departing from the scope of the invention. Certain details known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be omitted to avoid obscuring the description.

In the following description of the figures, any component described with regard to a figure, in various embodiments of the invention, may be equivalent to one or more like-named components shown and/or described with regard to any other figure. For brevity, descriptions of these components may not be repeated with regard to each figure. Thus, each and every embodiment of the components of each figure is incorporated by reference and assumed to be optionally present within every other figure having one or more like-named components. Additionally, in accordance with various embodiments of the invention, any description of any component of a figure is to be interpreted as an optional embodiment, which may be implemented in addition to, in conjunction with, or in place of the embodiments described with regard to a corresponding like-named component in any other figure.

Throughout the application, ordinal numbers (e.g., first, second, third, etc.) may be used as an adjective for an element (i.e., any noun in the application). The use of ordinal numbers is not to imply or create any particular ordering of the elements nor to limit any element to being only a single element unless expressly disclosed, such as by the use of the terms “before”, “after”, “single”, and other such terminology. Rather, the use of ordinal numbers is to distinguish between the elements. By way of an example, a first element is distinct from a second element, and the first element may encompass more than one element and succeed (or precede) the second element in an ordering of elements.

As used herein, the term ‘operatively connected’, or ‘operative connection’, means that there exists between elements/components/devices a direct or indirect connection that allows the elements to interact with one another in some way (e.g., via the exchange of information). For example, the phrase ‘operatively connected’ may refer to any direct (e.g., wired or wireless connection directly between two devices) or indirect (e.g., wired and/or wireless connections between any number of devices connecting the operatively connected devices) connection.

In general, embodiments of the invention relate to systems, devices, and methods for implementing and leveraging memory devices (e.g., persistent memory (defined below) and NVMe devices (defined below) to improve performance of data requests (e.g., read and write requests). More specifically, various embodiments of the invention embodiments of the invention enable applications (e.g., applications in the application container in FIG. 2A) to issue data requests (e.g., requests to read and write data) to the operating system (OS). The OS receives such requests and processes them using an implementation of the portable operating system interface (POSIX). The client FS container may receive such requests via POSIX and subsequently process such requests. The processing of these requests includes interacting with metadata nodes (see e.g., FIG. 3 ) to obtain data layouts that provide a mapping between file offsets and scale out volume offsets (SOVs) (see e.g., FIGS. 5A-5B). Using the SOVs, the memory hypervisor module in the client FS container (see e.g., FIG. 2B) issues input/output (I/O) requests, via a fabric (also referred to as a communication fabric, described below), directly to the locations in the storage pool (110) (see e.g., FIG. 5B), bypassing the storage stack on the metadata nodes. Once the requested I/O is performed on the storage pool, a response is provided, via POSIX, to the application.

Using the aforementioned architecture, embodiments of the invention enable applications to interact with the memory devices at scale in a manner that is transparent to the applications. Said another way, the OS may continue to interact with the client FS container using POSIX and the client FS container, in turn, will provide a transparent mechanism to translate the requests received via POSIX into I/O requests that may be directly serviced by the storage pool.

Further, in various embodiments of the invention, the aforementioned architecture may implement one or more of the following additional features (each of which may be used in conjunction with any combination of the other features): in-line deduplication (see e.g., FIG. 8 ), end-to-end error detection and correction (see e.g., FIGS. 9-10 ), data protection and recovery of protected data (see e.g., FIGS. 11-12B), end-to-end data encryption (see e.g., FIGS. 13 and 14 ), and storage tiering (see e.g., FIGS. 15A-16 ).

FIG. 1A shows a diagram of a system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The system includes one or more clients (100), operatively connected to a network (102), which is operatively connected to one or more node(s) (not shown) in a compute and storage infrastructure (CSI) (104). The components illustrated in FIG. 1A may be connected via any number of operable connections supported by any combination of wired and/or wireless networks (e.g., network (102)). Each component of the system of FIG. 1A is discussed below.

In one embodiment of the invention, the one or more clients (100) are configured to issue requests to the node(s) in the CSI (104) (or to a specific node of the node(s)), to receive responses, and to generally interact with the various components of the nodes (described below).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more clients (100) are implemented as computing devices. Each computing device may include one or more processors, memory (e.g., random access memory), and persistent storage (e.g., disk drives, solid state drives, etc.). The persistent storage may store computer instructions, (e.g., computer code), that when executed by the processor(s) of the computing device cause the computing device to issue one or more requests and to receive one or more responses. Examples of a computing device include a mobile phone, tablet computer, laptop computer, desktop computer, server, distributed computing system, or cloud resource.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the one or more clients (100) are implemented as a logical device. The logical device may utilize the computing resources of any number of computing devices and thereby provide the functionality of the one or more clients (100) described throughout this application.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the one or more clients (100) may request data and/or send data to the node(s) in the CSI (104). Further, in one or more embodiments, the one or more clients (100) may initiate an application to execute on one or more client application nodes in the CSI (104) such that the application may, itself, gather, transmit, and/or otherwise manipulate data on the client application nodes, remote to the client(s). In one or more embodiments, one or more clients (100) may share access to the same one or more client application nodes in the CSI (104) and may similarly share any data located on those client application nodes in the CSI (104).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, network (102) of the system is a collection of connected network devices that allow for the communication of data from one network device to other network devices, or the sharing of resources among network devices. Examples of a network (e.g., network (102)) include, but are not limited to, a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN) (e.g., the Internet), a mobile network, or any other type of network that allows for the communication of data and sharing of resources among network devices and/or devices (e.g., clients (100), node(s) in the CSI (104)) operatively connected to the network (102). In one embodiment of the invention, the one or more clients (100) are operatively connected to the node(s) (104) via a network (e.g., network (102)).

The CSI (104) includes one or more client application nodes, one or more metadata nodes, and zero, one or more storage nodes. Additional detail about the architecture of the CSI is provided below in FIG. 1B. Further, various embodiments of the node(s) (104) are provided in FIGS. 2A—FIG. 4 below.

While FIG. 1A shows a specific configuration of a system, other configurations may be used without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For example, although the one or more clients (100) and node(s) (104) are shown to be operatively connected through network (102), one or more clients (100) and node(s) (104) may be directly connected, without an intervening network (e.g., network (102)). Further, the functioning of the one or more clients (100) and the node(s) in the CSI (104) is not dependent upon the functioning and/or existence of the other device(s) (e.g., node(s) (104) and one or more clients (100), respectively). Rather, the one or more clients (100) and the node(s) in the CSI (104) may function independently and perform operations locally that do not require communication with other devices. Accordingly, embodiments disclosed herein should not be limited to the configuration of devices and/or components shown in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 1B shows a diagram of computer and storage infrastructure (CSI) in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. As discussed above, the client application node(s) (106) executes applications and interacts with the metadata node(s) (108) to obtain, e.g., data layouts and other information (as described below) to enable the client application nodes to directly issue I/O requests to memory devices (or other storage media), which may be located on the client application nodes, the metadata nodes and/or the storage nodes, while bypassing the storage stack (e.g., the metadata server and the file system) on the metadata nodes. To that end, the client application nodes are able to directly communicate over a communication fabric(s) using various communication protocols, e.g., using Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) over Fabric (NVMe-oF) and/or persistent memory over Fabric (PMEMoF), with the storage media in the storage pool (110) (see e.g., FIG. 5B).

FIGS. 2A-2B show diagrams of a client application node (200) in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment of the invention, client application node (200) includes one or more application container(s) (e.g., application container (202)), a client FS container (206), an operating system (OS) (208), and a hardware layer (210). Each of these components is described below. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the client application node (200) (or one or more components therein) is configured to perform all, or a portion, of the functionality described in FIGS. 6-16 .

In one or more embodiments of the invention, an application container (202) is software executing on the client application node. The application container (202) may be an independent software instance that executes within a larger container management software instance (not shown) (e.g., Docker®, Kubernetes®). In embodiments in which the application container (202) is executing as an isolated software instance, the application container (202) may establish a semi-isolated virtual environment, inside the container, in which to execute one or more applications (e.g., application (212).

In one embodiment of the invention, an application container (202) may be executing in “user space” (e.g., a layer of the software that utilizes low-level system components for the execution of applications) of the OS (208) of the client application node (200).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, an application container (202) includes one or more applications (e.g., application (212)). An application (212) is software executing within the application container (e.g., 202), that may include instructions which, when executed by a processor(s) (not shown) (in the hardware layer (210)), initiate the performance of one or more operations of components of the hardware layer (210). Although applications (212) are shown executing within application containers (202) of FIG. 2A, one or more applications (e.g., 212) may execute outside of an application container (e.g., 212). That is, in one or more embodiments, one or more applications (e.g., 212) may execute in a non-isolated instance, at the same level as the application container (202) or client FS container (206).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, each application (212) includes a virtual address space (e.g., virtual address space (220)). In one embodiment of the invention, a virtual address space (220) is a simulated range of addresses (e.g., identifiable locations) that mimics the physical locations of one or more components of the hardware layer (210). In one embodiment, an application (212) is not configured to identify the physical addresses of one or more components of the hardware layer (210); rather, the application (212) relies on other components of the client application node (200) to translate one or more virtual addresses of the virtual address space (e.g., 220) to one or more physical addresses of one or more components of the hardware layer (210). Accordingly, in one or more embodiments of the invention, an application may utilize a virtual address space (220) to read, write, and/or otherwise manipulate data, without being configured to directly identify the physical address of that data within the components of the hardware layer (210).

Additionally, in one or more embodiments of the invention, an application may coordinate with other components of the client application node (200) to establish a mapping, see e.g., FIG. 6 , between a virtual address space (e.g., 220) and underlying physical components of the hardware layer (210). In one embodiment, if a mapping is established, an application's use of the virtual address space (e.g., 220) enables the application to directly manipulate data in the hardware layer (210), without relying on other components of the client application node (200) to repeatedly update mappings between the virtual address space (e.g., 220) and the physical addresses of one or more components of the hardware layer (210). The above discussion with respect to the application's ability to interact with the hardware layer (210) is from the perspective of the application (212). However, as discussed below, the client FS container (206) (in conjunction with the metadata nodes) transparently enables to the application to ultimately read and write (or otherwise manipulate) data remoted and stored in the storage pool.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, a client FS container (206) is software executing on the client application node (200). A client FS container (206) may be an independent software instance that executes within a larger container management software instance (not shown) (e.g., Docker®, Kubernetes®, etc.). In embodiments in where the client FS container (206) is executing as an isolated software instance, the client FS container (206) may establish a semi-isolated virtual environment, inside the container, in which to execute an application (e.g., FS client (240) and memory hypervisor module (242), described below). In one embodiment of the invention, a client FS container (206) may be executing in “user space” (e.g., a layer of the software that utilizes low-level system components for the execution of applications) of the OS (208).

Referring to FIG. 2B, in one embodiment of the invention, the client FS container (206) includes an FS client (240) and a memory hypervisor module (242). In one embodiment, a FS client (240) is software executing within the client FS container (206). The FS client (204) is a local file system that includes functionality to interact with the OS using POSIX (i.e., using file semantics). Said another way, from the perspective of the OS, the FS client is the file system for the client application node and it is a POSIX file system. However, while the FS client interacts with the OS using POSIX, the FS client also includes functionality to interact with the metadata nodes and the memory hypervisor module using protocols other than POSIX (e.g., using memory semantics instead of file semantics).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, FS client (240) may include functionality to generate one or more virtual-to-physical address mappings by translating a virtual address of a virtual address space (220) to a physical address of a component in the hardware layer (210). Further, in one embodiment of the invention, the FS client (240) may further be configured to communicate one or more virtual-to-physical address mappings to one or more components of the hardware layer (210) (e.g., memory management unit (not shown)). In one embodiments of the invention, the FS client (240) tracks and maintains various mappings as described below in FIGS. 5A-5B. Additionally, in one or more embodiments of the invention, FS client (240) is configured to initiate the generation and issuance of I/O requests by the memory hypervisor module (242) (see e.g., FIGS. 6-16 ).

In one embodiment of the invention, the memory hypervisor module (242) is software executing within the client FS container (206) that includes functionality to generate and issue I/O requests over fabric directly to storage media in the storage pool. Additional detail about the operation of the memory hypervisor module is described below in FIGS. 6-16 .

Returning to FIG. 2A, in one or more embodiments of the invention, an OS (208) is software executing on the client application node (200). In one embodiment of the invention, an OS (208) coordinates operations between software executing in “user space” (e.g., containers (202, 206), applications (212)) and one or more components of the hardware layer (210) to facilitate the proper use of those hardware layer (210) components. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the OS (208) includes a kernel module (230). In one embodiment of the invention, the kernel module (230) is software executing in the OS (208) that monitors data (which may include read and write requests) traversing the OS (208) and may intercept, modify, and/or otherwise alter that data based on one or more conditions. In one embodiment of the invention, the kernel module (230) is capable of redirecting data received by the OS (208) by intercepting and modifying that data to specify a recipient different than normally specified by the OS (208).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the hardware layer (210) is a collection of physical components configured to perform the operations of the client application node (200) and/or otherwise execute the software of the client application node (200) (e.g., those of the containers (202, 206), applications (e.g., 212)).

In one embodiment of the invention, the hardware layer (210) includes one or more communication interface(s) (232). In one embodiment of the invention, a communication interface (232) is a hardware component that provides capabilities to interface the client application node (200) with one or more devices (e.g., a client, another node in the CSI (104), etc.) and allow for the transmission and receipt of data (including metadata) with those device(s). A communication interface (232) may communicate via any suitable form of wired interface (e.g., Ethernet, fiber optic, serial communication etc.) and/or wireless interface and utilize one or more protocols for the transmission and receipt of data (e.g., Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP), Remote Direct Memory Access, IEEE 801.11, etc.).

In one embodiment of the invention, the communication interface (232) may implement and/or support one or more protocols to enable the communication between the client application nodes and external entities (e.g., other nodes in the CSI, one or more clients, etc.). For example, the communication interface (232) may enable the client application node to be operatively connected, via Ethernet, using a TCP/IP protocol to form a “network fabric” and enable the communication of data between the client application node and other external entities. In one or more embodiments of the invention, each node within the CSI may be given a unique identifier (e.g., an IP address) to be used when utilizing one or more protocols.

Further, in one embodiment of the invention, the communication interface (232), when using certain a protocol or variant thereof, supports streamlined access to storage media of other nodes in the CSI. For example, when utilizing remote direct memory access (RDMA) to access data on another node in the CSI, it may not be necessary to interact with the software (or storage stack) of that other node in the CSI. Rather, when using RDMA, it may be possible for the client application node to interact only with the hardware elements of the other node to retrieve and/or transmit data, thereby avoiding any higher-level processing by the software executing on that other node. In other embodiments of the invention, the communicate interface enables direct communication with the storage media of other nodes using Non-Volatile Memory Express (NVMe) over Fabric (NVMe-oF) and/or persistent memory over Fabric (PMEMoF) (both of which may (or may not) utilize all or a portion of the functionality provided by RDMA).

In one embodiment of the invention, the hardware layer (210) includes one or more processor(s) (not shown). In one embodiment of the invention, a processor may be an integrated circuit(s) for processing instructions (e.g., those of the containers (202, 206), applications (e.g., 212) and/or those received via a communication interface (232)). In one embodiment of the invention, processor(s) may be one or more processor cores or processor micro-cores. Further, in one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more processor(s) may include a cache (not shown) (as described).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the hardware layer (210) includes persistent storage (236). In one embodiment of the invention, persistent storage (236) may be one or more hardware devices capable of storing digital information (e.g., data) in a non-transitory medium. Further, in one embodiment of the invention, when accessing persistent storage (236), other components of client application node (200) are capable of only reading and writing data in fixed-length data segments (e.g., “blocks”) that are larger than the smallest units of data normally accessible (e.g., “bytes”).

Specifically, in one or more embodiments of the invention, when data is read from persistent storage (236), all blocks that include the requested bytes of data (some of which may include other, non-requested bytes of data) must be copied to other byte-accessible storage (e.g., memory). Then, only after the data is located in the other medium, may the requested data be manipulated at “byte-level” before being recompiled into blocks and copied back to the persistent storage (236).

Accordingly, as used herein, “persistent storage”, “persistent storage device”, “block storage”, “block device”, and “block storage device” refer to hardware storage devices that are capable of being accessed only at a “block-level” regardless of whether that device is volatile, non-volatile, persistent, non-persistent, sequential access, random access, solid-state, or disk based. Further, as used herein, the term “block semantics” refers to the methods and commands software employs to access persistent storage (236).

Examples of “persistent storage” (236) include, but are not limited to, certain integrated circuit storage devices (e.g., solid-state drive (SSD), magnetic storage (e.g., hard disk drive (HDD), floppy disk, tape, diskette, etc.), or optical media (e.g., compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc (DVD), NVMe devices, computational storage, etc.). In one embodiment of the invention, NVMe device is a persistent storage that includes SSD that is accessed using the NVMe® specification (which defines how applications communicate with SSD via a peripheral component interconnect express) bus. In one embodiment of the invention, computational storage is persistent storage that includes persistent storage media and microprocessors with domain-specific functionality to efficiently perform specific tasks on the data being stored in the storage device such as encryption and compression.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the hardware layer (210) includes memory (238). In one embodiment of the invention, memory (238), similar to persistent storage (236), may be one or more hardware devices capable of storing digital information (e.g., data) in a non-transitory medium. However, unlike persistent storage (236), in one or more embodiments of the invention, when accessing memory (238), other components of client application node (200) are capable of reading and writing data at the smallest units of data normally accessible (e.g., “bytes”).

Specifically, in one or more embodiments of the invention, memory (238) may include a unique physical address for each byte stored thereon, thereby enabling software (e.g., applications (212), containers (202, 206)) to access and manipulate data stored in memory (238) by directing commands to a physical address of memory (238) that is associated with a byte of data (e.g., via a virtual-to-physical address mapping). Accordingly, in one or more embodiments of the invention, software is able to perform direct, “byte-level” manipulation of data stored in memory (unlike persistent storage data, which must first copy “blocks” of data to another, intermediary storage mediums prior to reading and/or manipulating data located thereon).

Accordingly, as used herein, “memory”, “memory device”, “memory storage”, “memory storage device”, and “byte storage device” refer to hardware storage devices that are capable of being accessed and/or manipulated at a “byte-level” regardless of whether that device is volatile, non-volatile, persistent, non-persistent, sequential access, random access, solid-state, or disk based. As used herein, the terms “byte semantics” and “memory semantics” refer to the methods and commands software employs to access memory (238).

Examples of memory (238) include, but are not limited to, certain integrated circuit storage (e.g., flash memory, random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), resistive RAM (ReRAM), etc.) and Persistent Memory (PMEM). PMEM is a solid-state high-performance byte-addressable memory device that resides on the memory bus, where the location of the PMEM on the memory bus allows PMEM to have DRAM-like access to data, which means that it has nearly the same speed and latency of DRAM and the non-volatility of NAND flash.

In one embodiment of the invention, the hardware layer (210) includes a memory management unit (MMU) (not shown). In one or more embodiments of the invention, an MMU is hardware configured to translate virtual addresses (e.g., those of a virtual address space (220)) to physical addresses (e.g., those of memory (238)). In one embodiment of the invention, an MMU is operatively connected to memory (238) and is the sole path to access any memory device (e.g., memory (238)) as all commands and data destined for memory (238) must first traverse the MMU prior to accessing memory (238). In one or more embodiments of the invention, an MMU may be configured to handle memory protection (allowing only certain applications to access memory) and provide cache control and bus arbitration. Further, in one or more embodiments of the invention, an MMU may include a translation lookaside buffer (TLB) (as described below).

While FIGS. 2A-2B show a specific configuration of a client application node, other configurations may be used without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, embodiments disclosed herein should not be limited to the configuration of devices and/or components shown in FIGS. 2A-2B.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a metadata node in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment of the invention, metadata node (300) includes a metadata server (302), a file system (304), a memory hypervisor module (306), an OS (not shown), a communication interface(s) (308), persistent storage (310), and memory (312). Each of these components is described below. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the metadata node (300) (or one or more components therein) is configured to perform all, or a portion, of the functionality described in FIGS. 6-16 .

In one embodiment of the invention, the metadata server (302) includes functionality to manage all or a portion of the metadata associated with the CSI. Further, the metadata server includes functionality to manage the metadata required to implement all or a portion of the following features: in-line deduplication (see e.g., FIG. 8 ), end-to-end error detection and correction (see e.g., FIGS. 9-10 ), data protection and recovery of protected data (see e.g., FIGS. 1-12B), end-to-end data encryption (see e.g., FIGS. 13 and 14 ), and storage tiering (see e.g., FIGS. 15A-16 ). The specific metadata that is required to implement the aforementioned features is described below in relation to the corresponding features. The metadata server (302) also includes functionality to service requests for data layouts that it receives from the various client application nodes. Said another way, each metadata node may support multiple client application nodes. As part of this support, the client application nodes may send data layout requests to the metadata node (300). Metadata node (300), in conjunction with the file system (304), generates and/or obtains the requested data layouts and provides the data layouts to the appropriate client application nodes. The data layouts provide a mapping between file offsets and [SOV, offset]s (see e.g., FIG. 5A-5B).

In one embodiment of the invention, the file system (304) includes functionality to manage a sparse virtual space (see e.g., FIG. 5, 510 ) as well as the mapping between the sparse virtual space and an underlying SOV(s) (see e.g., FIG. 5, 520 ). The file system (304), the metadata server (302), or another component in the metadata node (300) manages the mappings between the SOV(s) and the underlying storage media in the storage pool. Additional detail about the sparse virtual space and the SOV(s) is provided below with respect to FIGS. 5A-5B.

In one embodiment of the invention, the memory hypervisor module (306) is substantially the same as the memory hypervisor module described in FIG. 2B (e.g., 242).

In one embodiment of the invention, the metadata node (300) includes one or more communication interfaces (308). The communication interfaces are substantially the same as the communication interfaces described in FIG. 2A (e.g., 232).

In one embodiment of the invention, metadata node (300) includes one or more processor(s) (not shown). In one embodiment of the invention, a processor may be an integrated circuit(s) for processing instructions (e.g., those of the metadata server (302), file system (304) and/or those received via a communication interface(s) (308)). In one embodiment of the invention, processor(s) may be one or more processor cores or processor micro-cores. Further, in one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more processor(s) may include a cache (not shown) (as described).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the metadata node includes persistent storage (310), which is substantially the same as the persistent storage described in FIG. 2A (e.g., 236).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the metadata node includes memory (312), which is substantially similar to memory described in FIG. 2A (e.g., 238).

FIG. 4 shows an example of a storage node in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment of the invention, server node (400) includes a storage server (402), an OS (not shown), a communication interface(s) (404), persistent storage (406), and memory (408). Each of these components is described below. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the server node (400) (or one or more components therein) is configured to perform all, or a portion, of the functionality described in FIGS. 6-16 .

In one embodiment of the invention, the storage server (402) includes functionality to manage the memory (408) and persistent storage (406) within the storage node.

In one embodiment of the invention, the server node includes communication interface(s) (404), which is substantially the same as the memory communication interface(s) described in FIG. 2A (e.g., 232).

In one embodiment of the invention, server node (400) includes one or more processor(s) (not shown). In one embodiment of the invention, a processor may be an integrated circuit(s) for processing instructions (e.g., those of the storage server (402), and/or those received via a communication interface (404)). In one embodiment of the invention, processor(s) may be one or more processor cores or processor micro-cores. Further, in one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more processor(s) may include a cache (not shown) (as described).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the server node includes persistent storage (406)), which is substantially the same as the persistent storage described in FIG. 2A (e.g., 236).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the server node includes memory (408), which is substantially similar to memory described in FIG. 2A (e.g., 238).

FIGS. 5A-5B show relationships between various physical and virtual elements in the system in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. More specifically, FIGS. 5A-5B show the mappings that are maintained by the various nodes in the CSI in order to permit applications to read and/or write data in storage media in a storage pool.

Referring to FIG. 5A, applications (e.g., 212) executing in the application containers (e.g., 202) read and write from a virtual address space (500). The OS (e.g., 208) provides a mapping between offsets in the virtual address space (500) to corresponding logical blocks (e.g., logical block A, logical block B, logical block C) arranged in a file layout (502). Said another way, the OS maps segments of a virtual address space into a “file,” where a virtual address space segment (i.e., a portion of the virtual address space) (not shown) is mapped to a file offset (i.e., an offset in a file defined by the file layout (502)).

When the OS (e.g., 208) interacts with the FS client (e.g., 240), it uses the file name (or file identifier) and offset to refer to a specific location from which the application (e.g., 212) is attempting to read or write. The FS client (e.g., 240) maps the logical blocks (e.g., logical block A, logical block B, logical block C) (which are specified using [file name, offset]) to corresponding file system blocks (FSBs) (e.g., FSB1, FSB2, FSB3). The FSBs that correspond to a given file layout (502) may be referred to as file system layout (504). In one embodiment of the invention, the file layout (502) typically includes a contiguous set of logical blocks, while the file system layout (504) typically includes a set of FSBs, which may or may not be contiguous FSBs. The mapping between the file layout (502) and the file system layout (504) is generated by the metadata server (see e.g., FIGS. 6-16 ).

Referring to FIG. 5B, the FSBs (e.g., FSB 1 (516), FSB N (518)) correspond to FSBs in a sparse virtual space (510). In one embodiment of the invention, the sparse virtual space (510) is a sparse, virtual data structure that provides a comprehensive layout and mapping of data managed by the file system (e.g., FIG. 3, 304 ) in the metadata node. Thus, while there may be multiple virtual address space(s) (e.g., virtual address space (500)) and there may be multiple SOVs (520) there is only one sparse virtual space (510).

In one embodiment of the invention, the sparse virtual space (510) may be allocated with several petabytes of sparse space, with the intention being that the aggregate space of the storage media in the storage pool (532) will not exceed several petabytes of physical storage space. Said another way, the sparse virtual space (510) is sized to support an arbitrary number of virtual address spaces and an arbitrary amount of storage media such that the size of the sparse virtual space (510) remains constant after it has been initialized.

The sparse virtual space (510) may be logically divided into a metadata portion (512) and a data portion (514). The metadata portion (512) is allocated for the storage of file system metadata and FS client metadata. The file system metadata and the FS client metadata may correspond to any metadata (examples of which are provided below with respect to FIGS. 6-16 ) to enable (or that enables) the file system and the FS client to implement one or more embodiments of the invention. The data portion (514) is allocated for the storage of data that is generated by applications (e.g., 212) executing on the client application nodes (e.g., 200). Each of the aforementioned portions may include any number of FSBs (e.g., 516, 518).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, each FSB may be uniformly sized throughout the sparse virtual space (510). In one or more embodiments of the invention, each FSB may be equal to the largest unit of storage in storage media in the storage pool. Alternatively, in one or more embodiments of the invention, each FSB may be allocated to be sufficiently larger than any current and future unit of storage in storage media in the storage pool.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more SOVs (e.g., 520) are mapped to FSBs in the sparse virtual space (510) to ultimately link the FSBs to storage media. More specifically, each SOV is a virtual data space that is mapped to corresponding physical regions of a portion of, one, or several storage devices, which may include one or more memory devices and one or more persistent storage devices. The SOV(s) (e.g., 520) may identify physical regions of the aforementioned devices by maintaining a virtual mapping to the physical addresses of data that comprise those memory devices (e.g., 238, 312, 408) or persistent storage devices (e.g., 236, 310, 406).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, several SOVs may concurrently exist (see e.g., FIG. 15A), each of which is independently mapped to part of, one, or several memory devices. Alternatively, in one embodiment of the invention, there may only be a SOV associated with the physical regions of all devices in a given node (e.g., a client application node, a metadata node, or a storage node).

In one embodiment of the invention, a SOV may be uniquely associated with a single storage device (e.g., a memory device or a persistent storage device). Accordingly, a single SOV may provide a one-to-one virtual emulation of a single storage device of the hardware layer. Alternatively, in one or more embodiments of the invention, a single SOV may be associated with multiple storage devices (e.g., a memory device or a persistent storage device), each sharing some characteristic. For example, there may be a single SOV for two or more DRAM devices and a second memory pool for two or more PMEM devices. One of ordinary skill in the art, having the benefit of this detailed description, would appreciate that SOV(s) (e.g., 520) may be organized by any suitable characteristic of the underlying memory (e.g., based on individual size, collective size, type, speed, etc.).

In one embodiment of the invention, storage pool (532) includes one or more storage devices (e.g., memory devices and/or persistent storage devices). The storage devices (or portions thereof) may be mapped into the SOV in “slice” units (or “slices”). For example, each slice (e.g., 522, 524, 526, 528, 530) may have a size of 256 MB (the invention is not limited to this example). When mapped into the SOV, each slice may include a contiguous set of FSBs that have an aggregate size equal to the size of the slice. Accordingly, each of the aforementioned FSBs (e.g., 516, 518) is logically associated with a slice (e.g., 522, 524, 526, 528, 530) in the SOV. The portion of the slice that is mapped to a given FSB may be specified using by an offset within a SOV (or by an offset within a slice within the SOV). Each portion of the slice within a SOV is mapped to one or more physical locations in the storage pool. In one non-limiting example, the portion of client C (256) may be 4K in size and may be stored in the storage pool (532) as a 6K stripe with four 1K data chunks (e.g., chunk w (534), chunk x (536), chunky (538), chunk z (540)) and two 1K parity chunks (e.g., chunk P (542), chunk Q (542)). In one embodiment of the invention, slices that only include FSBs from the metadata portion are referred to as metadata slices and slices that only include FSBs from the data portion are referred to as data slices.

Using the relationships shown in FIGS. 5A-5B, a logical block (e.g., logical block A, logical block B, logical block C) in a file layout (502) (which may be specified as a [file, offset, length]) is mapped to an FSB (e.g., 516, 518), the FSB (e.g., 516, 518) is mapped to a location in the SOV (520) (which may be specified as a [SOV, offset, length]), and the location in the SOV (520) is ultimately mapped to one or more physical locations (e.g., 534, 536, 536, 540, 542, 544) in a storage media (e.g., memory devices) within a storage pool (532).

Using the aforementioned architecture, the available storage media in the storage pool may increase or decrease in size (as needed) without impacting how the application (e.g., 212) is interacting with the sparse virtual space (510). More specifically, by creating a layer of abstraction between the sparse virtual space (510) and the storage pool (532) using the SOV (520), the sparse virtual space (510) continues to provide FSBs to the applications provided that these FSBs are mapped to a SOV without having to manage the mappings to the underlying storage pool. Further, by utilizing the SOV (520), changes made to the storage pool including how data is protected in the storage pool (see e.g., FIGS. 11, 12A, 12B, 15A-16 ) are performed in a manner that is transparent to the sparse virtual space (510). This enables the size of the storage pool to scale to an arbitrary size (up to the size limit of the sparse virtual space) without modifying the operation of the sparse virtual space (510).

FIG. 6 shows a flowchart of a method of generating and servicing a mapping request in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. All or a portion of the method shown in FIG. 6 may be performed by the client application node and/or the metadata node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

The method shown in FIG. 6 may be performed whenever an application (212) in a client application container (e.g., 202) triggers a page fault. In one embodiment of the invention, a page fault is issued by a processor when an invalid reference is provided to an MMU. Specifically, when a request (initiated by the application) to access or modify memory is sent to the MMU, using a virtual address, the MMU may perform a lookup in a TLB to find a physical address associated with the provided virtual address (e.g., a virtual-to-physical address mapping). However, if the TLB does not provide a physical address associated with the virtual address (e.g., due to the TLB lacking the appropriate virtual-to-physical address mapping), the MMU will be unable to perform the requested operation. Accordingly, the MMU informs the processor that the request cannot be serviced, and in turn, the processor issues a page fault back to the OS informing that the request could not be serviced.

A page fault typically specifies the virtual address (i.e., an address in virtual address space (e.g. 220)). The page fault may specify other information depending on whether the page fault was triggered by a read, write, or mapping request.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, as described in FIG. 2A above, the kernel module is software executing in the OS that monitors data traversing the OS and may intercept, modify, and/or otherwise alter that data based on one or more conditions. In one embodiment of the invention, the kernel module is capable of redirecting data received by the OS by intercepting and modifying that data to specify a recipient different than normally specified by the OS.

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the OS will, initially, be configured to forward the page fault to the application from which the request originated. However, in one embodiment of the invention, the kernel module detects that the OS received a page fault, and instead forwards the page fault to a different location (i.e., the client FS container) instead of the default recipient (i.e., the application container and/or application). In one embodiment of the invention, the kernel module specifically monitors for and detects exception handling processes that specify an application's inability to access the physical location of data.

Turning to FIG. 6 , in step 600, the client FS container receives a request from a kernel module to resolve a page fault, where the request specifies at least one [file, offset] corresponding to the virtual address from the virtual address space of the application. Said another way, the virtual address associated with the page fault is translated into a [file, offset]. The [file, offset] is then sent to the client FS container.

In step 602, the FS container sends a request to a metadata node to obtain a data layout associated with the [file, offset]. The request for the data layout may also specify that the request is for read only access or for read write access. In one embodiment of the invention, read only access indicates that the application only wants to read data from a physical location associated with the virtual address while read write access indicates that the application wants to read data from and/or write data to a physical location associated with the virtual address. From the perspective of the application, the physical location is a local physical location (i.e., a physical location in the memory or the persistent storage) on the client application node; however, as shown in FIGS. 5A-5B, the physical location is actually a physical location in the storage pool.

In one embodiment of the invention, each FS client (e.g., 240) is associated with a single file system (e.g., 304) (however, each file system may be associated with multiple FS clients). The request in step 602 is sent to the metadata node that hosts the file system that is associated with the FS client on the client application node (i.e., the client application node on which the page fault was generated).

In step 604, the metadata node receives the request from the FS client container.

In step 606, in response to the request, the metadata server (on the metadata node) identifies one or more FSBs in the sparse virtual space. The identified FSBs correspond to FSB that are allocatable. An FSB is deemed allocatable if: (i) the FSB is mapped to the SOV and (ii) the FSB has not already been allocated. Condition (i) is required because while the sparse virtual space includes a large collection of FSBs, by design, at any given time not all of these FSBs are necessarily associated with any SOV(s). Accordingly, only FSBs that are associated with a SOV at the time step 606 is perform may be allocated. Condition (ii) is required as the sparse virtual space is designed to support applications distributed across multiple clients and, as such, one or more FSBs that are available for allocation may have been previously allocated by another application. The FSBs identified in step 606 may be denoted a pre-allocated FSBs in the event that no application has not written any data to these FSBs.

In one embodiment of the invention, the FSBs identified in step 606 may not be sequential (or contiguous) FSBs in the sparse virtual space. In one or more embodiments of the invention, more than one FSB may be allocated (or pre-allocated) for each logical block. For example, consider a scenario in which each logical block is 8K and each FSB is 4K. In this scenario, two FSBs are allocated (or pre-allocated) for each logical block. The FSBs that are associated with the same logical block may be sequential (or contiguous) FSBs within the sparse virtual space.

In step 608, after the FSB(s) has been allocated (or pre-allocated as the case may be), the metadata server generates a data layout. The data layout provides a mapping between the [file, file offset] (which was included in the request received in step 600) and a [SOV, offset]. The data layout may include one or more of the aforementioned mappings between [file, file offset] and [SOV, offset]. Further, the data layout may also specify the one or more FSBs associated with the data layout.

In one embodiment of the invention, if the request in step 602 specifies read only access, then the data layout will include [file, file offset] to [SOV, offset] mappings for the FSBs that include the data that the application (in the client application node) is attempting to read. In one embodiment of the invention, if the request in step 602 specifies read write access, then then the data layout may include one set of [file, file offset] to [SOV, offset] mappings for the FSBs that include the data that the application (in the client application node) is attempting to read and a second set of [file, file offset] to [SOV, offset] mappings for the FSBs to which the application may write data. The dual set of mappings provided in the aforementioned data layout may be used to support redirected writes, i.e., the application does not overwrite data; rather, all new writes are directed to new FSBs.

Continuing with the discussion of FIG. 6 , in step 610, the data layout is sent to the FS client container. The metadata server may track which client application nodes have requested which data layouts. Further, if the request received in step 600 specified read write access, the metadata server may prevent any other client application from accessing the FSBs associated with the data layout generated in Step 608.

In step 612, the client application node receives and caches the data layout from the metadata node. The FS client may also create an association between the logical blocks in the file layout (e.g., 502) and the corresponding FSBs in the file system layout (e.g., 504) based on the data layout.

In one embodiment of the invention, the FS client allocates an appropriate amount of local memory (e.g., local DRAM, local PMEM), which is/will be used to temporarily store data prior to it being committed to (i.e., stored in) the storage pool using the received data layout. Further, if the request that triggered the page fault (see step 600) was a read request, then the FS client may further initiate the reading of the requested data from the appropriate location(s) in the storage pool (e.g., via the memory hypervisor module) and store the obtained data in the aforementioned local memory.

In step 614, the client FS container informs the OS (or kernel module in the OS) of the virtual-to-physical address mapping. The virtual-to-physical address mapping is a mapping of a location in the virtual address space and a physical address in the local memory (as allocated in step 612). Once the aforementioned mapping is provided, the application and/or OS may directly manipulate the local memory of the client application node (i.e., without processing from the client FS container).

FIG. 7 shows a flowchart of a method of servicing a write request in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. All or a portion of the method shown in FIG. 7 may be performed by the client application node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

The method shown in FIG. 7 may be performed whenever an application in the application (e.g., 212) wants to write data. More specifically, once the method shown in FIG. 6 has been performed, the application may directly read and write data to the local memory of a client application node, which is then written via steps 700-708 to the storage pool. Further, for the data to be persisted the data must be stored in both the storage pool and the corresponding metadata must be stored in the metadata node (see e.g., Step 710-712). Steps 700-708, which relate to the storage of the data in the storage pool, may be initiated by the client application, the OS, or the client FS container. The client application may initiate the storage of the data as part of an msync or fflush command; while the OS and client FS container may initiate the storage of the data as part of its management of the local resources on the client application node.

If the application has initiated the storage of the data using a msync or fflush command, then steps 700-712 are performed, resulting the data being persisted. In this scenario, the data is written to storage as a first part of processing the msync or fflush command, and then the metadata (including the data layout) is stored on the metadata server as the second part of processing the msync or fflush command.

However, if the OS or client FS container initiates the storage of the data, then the corresponding metadata may or may not be committed (i.e., steps 710 and 712 may not be performed). In certain scenarios, steps 710-712 may be initiated by the OS or the client FS container and performed by the client FS container as part of the OS or client FS container managing the local resources (e.g., portions of the cache used to store the data layouts needs to be freed to store other data layouts).

In step 700, a request to write data (i.e., write data to the storage pool; however, the metadata may or may not be committed, see e.g., Step 710) is received by the client FS container from the OS. The request may specify a [file, offset]. Regardless of the semantics that the application is utilizing, the OS translates (as necessary) the portion of the virtual address space referenced by the application in its request to write data into a corresponding [file, offset]. As discussed above the writing of data may also be initiated by the OS and/or the client FS container without departing from the invention. In such embodiments, the request is initiated by the OS and/or another process in the client FS container and the process that initiated the request provides the [file, offset] to the FS client.

In step 702, the FS client obtains the data layout required to service the request. The data layout may be obtained using the [file, offset] in the request received from the OS. The data layout may be obtained from a cache on the client application node. However, if the data layout is not present on the client application node, e.g., because it was invalidated and, thus, removed from the client application node, then the data layout is obtained from the metadata node in accordance with FIG. 6 , steps 602-612.

In step 704, the FS client, using the data layout, obtains the SOV offset. As discussed above, the data layout provides a mapping between file offsets (e.g., offsets within a file layout (e.g., 502)) and the [SOV, offset] s in a SOV (e.g., 520). Accordingly, the FS client translates the [file, offset] into [SOV, offset].

In step 706, the [SOV, offset] is then provided to the memory hypervisor module to process. More specifically, the memory hypervisor module includes the information necessary to generate and issue one or more I/O requests that result in the data being written directly from the client application node (e.g., via a communication interface(s)) to an appropriate location in storage pool. For example, if the application is attempting to write data associated with logical block A (e.g., [File A, offset 0], then the memory hypervisor module is provided with [SOV, offset 18] (which is determined using the obtained data layout). The memory hypervisor module includes the necessary information to enable it to generate, in this example, one or more I/O requests to specific locations in the storage pool. Said another way, the memory hypervisor module includes functionality to: (i) determine how many I/O requests to generate to store the data associated with [SOV, offset 18]; (ii) divide the data into an appropriate number of chunks (i.e., one chunk per I/O request); (iii) determine the target of each I/O request (the physical location in the storage pool at which the chunk will be stored); and (iv) issue the I/O requests directly to the nodes on which the aforementioned physical locations exist. The issuance of the I/O requests includes initiating the transfer of data from the appropriate location in the local memory to the target location specified in the I/O request.

The communication interface(s) in the client application node facilitates the direct transfer of the data from the client application node to the appropriate location in the storage pool. As discussed above, the storage pool may include storage media located in storage devices (e.g., memory devices or persistent storage devices) that may be on client application nodes, metadata nodes, and/or storages. Accordingly, for any given I/O request, the communication interface(s) on the client application node on which the data resides transmits the data directly to communication interface(s) of the target node (i.e., the node that includes the storage media on which the data is to be written).

In step 708, the client application node awaits for confirmation from the target node(s) that the I/O request(s) generated and issued in step 706 has been successfully stored on the target node(s). At the end of step 708, the data has been written to the storage pool; however, the corresponding metadata is not persisted at this point; as such, the data is not deemed to be persisted. Specifically, if the application does not subsequently issue an msync command (e.g., when the application is using memory semantics) or an fflush command (e.g., when the application is using file semantics) the data will be stored in the storage pool but the metadata server will not be aware that such data has been stored. In order to persist the data, steps 710 and 712 are performed. If steps 700-708 were initiated by the OS or the client FS container, then the process may end at step 708 as the data was only written to the storage pool to free local resources (e.g., memory) on the client application node and there is no need at this time to persist the data (i.e., perform steps 710-712). Further, in scenarios in which the OS initiated the writing of the data, then step 708 also includes the client FS container notifying the OS that that the data has been written to the storage pool. However, as discussed below, there may be scenarios in which the data needs to be persisted at this time and, as such, steps 710-712 are performed.

Specifically, the data (and associated metadata) may be persisted as a result of: (i) the application issuing an msync command (e.g., when the application is using memory semantics) or an fflush command (e.g., when the application is using file semantics, (ii) the client FS container initiating (transparently to the application) steps 710 and 712, or (iii) the OS initiating (transparently to the application) steps 710 and 712.

If the application issues a request to commit data (e.g., issues an msync command or an fflush command), then in step 710, the client application node (in response to the confirmation in step 708) sends a request to commit the data layout to the metadata node. The commit request includes the mapping between the file layout and the file system layout (see e.g., FIG. 5A). Upon receipt of the commit request, the metadata server stores the mapping between the file layout and the file system layout. The processing of the commit request may also trigger the invalidation of prior versions of the data layout that are currently cached on other client application nodes. For example, if client application node A requested a data layout with read only access for a [file, offset] corresponding to FSB A and client application node B subsequently requested a data layout with read write access also for FSB A, then once client application node B performs the method in FIG. 7 , the data layout on client application node A is invalidated (e.g., based on a command issued by the metadata server) so as to force client application node A to obtain an updated data layout, which then ensures that client application node A is reading the updated version of the data associated with FSB A. The process then proceeds to step 712.

In scenarios in which the OS or client FS container has previously committed the data layout to the metadata node, then when the client FS container receives a request to persist the data from the application, the client FS container confirms that it has previously committed the corresponding data layout (and other related metadata) (without issuing any request to the metadata nodes). After making this determination locally, the client FS container then proceeds to step 712.

Finally, in scenarios in which the OS or the client FS container needs to commit the corresponding metadata to the metadata server (e.g., portions of the cache used to store the data layouts needs to be freed to store other data layouts), then steps 710 and 712 may be initiated by the OS or the client FS container and performed by the client FS container.

In step 712, the client FS container then notifies the OS that the data has been persisted. The OS may then send the appropriate confirmation and/notification to the application that initiated the request to persist the data. The OS does not notify the application when FIG. 7 was initiated by the OS and/or the client FS container. Further, depending on the implementation, the client FS container may or may not notify the OS if steps 710 and 712 were initiated by the client FS container.

In-Line Deduplication

One or more embodiments of the invention support in-line deduplication. Traditionally, deduplication is handled by the storage stack on the storage device. For example, when an application issues a write request to the storage device, the storage device, upon receipt of the write request, determines whether the data in the write request can be deduplicated. Using this approach, the storage device becomes the performance bottleneck for deduplication. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the client application nodes directly write to the storage pool bypassing the metadata server (i.e., the metadata server is not required to process the write request). This allows for the write requests to be performed with low latency because there is no additional processing of the write requests by the metadata server prior to the data being written to the storage pool. To support deduplication in this architecture while not impacting the write performance, the client application nodes are responsible for calculating a fingerprint for the data and writing the data to the storage pool regardless of whether the data is ultimately deduplicated. The fingerprints are then provided to the metadata server, which separately determines whether the data can be deduplicated. If the data can be deduplicated, the metadata server updates the appropriate mappings (see e.g., FIGS. 5A-5B) such that all logical blocks (in the file layout) that are associated with the same data are mapped to the same FSB (which via the [SOV, offset] is ultimately the same underlying data in the storage pool). This results in the data (i.e., the data that was just written to the storage pool and subsequently deduplicated) being marked for garbage collection. The aforementioned embodiments enable in-line deduplication without impacting the write performance of the client application nodes. Additional details about various embodiments of in-line deduplication are provided below in FIG. 8 .

FIG. 8 shows a flowchart of a method of servicing a write request with in-line deduplication in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. All or a portion of the method shown in FIG. 8 may be performed by the client application node and/or the metadata node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

The method shown in FIG. 13 may be initiated in the same or substantially the same manner the method shown in FIG. 7 . Turning to FIG. 8 , in step 800, a request to write data is received by the client FS container from the OS. Step 800 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 700 in FIG. 7 .

In step 802, the FS client obtains the data layout required to service the request. The data layout may be obtained using the [file, offset] in the request received from the OS. The data layout may be obtained from a cache on the client application node. However, if the data layout is not present on the client application node, e.g., because it was invalidated and, thus, removed from the client application node, then the data layout is obtained from the metadata node in accordance with FIG. 6 , steps 602-612.

In step 804, the FS client calculates a fingerprint for the data (i.e., the data that is specified in the request to write data) and locally stores the fingerprint, e.g., in local memory. In one or more embodiments of the invention, a fingerprint may be a bit sequence that virtually uniquely identifies a segment of a slice. As used herein, virtually uniquely means that the probability of collision between the fingerprints of two segments that specify different data is negligible, compared to the probability of other unavoidable causes of fatal errors. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the probability is 10{circumflex over ( )}-20 or less. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the unavoidable fatal error may be caused by a force of nature such as, for example, a tornado. In other words, the fingerprints of any two segments that specify different data will virtually always be different. In one embodiment of the invention, the fingerprint may be calculated by applying a SHA-256 function to the data. Other functions may be used to generate the fingerprint without departing from the invention.

In step 806, the FS client, using the data layout, obtains the [SOV, offset]. As discussed above, the data layout provides a mapping between file offsets (e.g., offsets within a file layout (e.g., 502)) and the SOV offsets in a SOV (e.g., 520). Accordingly, the FS client translates the [file, offset] into [SOV, offset].

In step 808, the [SOV, offset] is then provided to the memory hypervisor module to process. More specifically, the memory hypervisor module includes the information necessary to generate and issue one or more I/O requests that result in the data being written directly from the client application node (e.g., via a communication interface(s)) to an appropriate location in storage pool. Step 808 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 706 in FIG. 7 .

In step 810, the client application node awaits for confirmation from the target node(s) that the I/O request(s) generated and issued in step 808 has been successfully stored on the target node(s). Step 810 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 708 in FIG. 7 . The process may stop at step 810 or proceed to step 1312 based on the same rationale described with respect to steps 708 and 710.

In step 812, the client application node (in response to the confirmation in step 808) sends a request to commit the data layout to the metadata node. The commit request includes the mapping between the file layout and the file system layout as well as the fingerprint generated in step 804. Step 812 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 710 in FIG. 7 . As discussed above with respect to FIG. 7 , there are scenarios in which the data is written to storage pool but the corresponding metadata is not committed to the metadata node. In these scenarios, the fingerprint may still be maintained in the local memory of the client application node while the underlying data has been written to the storage pool and, as such, is not present on the client application node.

In step 814, the client FS container then notifies the OS that the data has been persisted. The OS may then send the appropriate confirmation and/notification to the application that initiated the request to persist the data. Step 814 occurs regardless of the result of the processing by the metadata node in steps 816-822. Said another way, the deduplication processing of the metadata node is done in a manner that is transparent to the client application nodes. From the client application node's perspective, the data has successfully been written to the appropriate location in the storage pool (i.e., the location determined by the memory hypervisor module). Step 814 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 712 in FIG. 7 .

Turning to the processing by the metadata node, in step 816, the metadata server (on the metadata node) receives the fingerprint as part of the commit request.

In step 818, the metadata server determines whether the fingerprint is currently present on the metadata server. More specifically, the metadata server maintains a per-file system data structure (in implementations where the metadata server supports multiple file systems) that includes a mapping between received fingerprints and the FSBs. A non-limiting example of a data structure is a B-tree. The data structure (e.g., the B-tree) is used to efficiently determine whether a given fingerprint has previously been received. The B-tree, or another data structure, may also track the relationship between the fingerprints and the FSBs. If a given fingerprint has previously been received, then the fingerprint is present in the aforementioned data structure (e.g., the B-Tree). If the fingerprint is present, then the data may be deduplicated and the process proceeds to step 820; otherwise, the process proceeds to step 822.

In step 820, the data may be deduplicated. Deduplicating the data may include updating the mapping between the logical blocks in the file layout and the FSBs to reflect that the data is deduplicated. For example, consider a scenario in which there is first file (File 1) that includes logical block A that is associated with FSB0. Logical block A is associated with data (D1). At time T=1, client application node A processes a write request that results in D1 (with fingerprint FP1) being stored in a location in the storage pool associated with [SOV, offset A] (which is mapped to FSB0). As part of processing the write request, FP1 is stored in a B-tree in the metadata server and the relationship between F1 and FSB0 is tracked.

In this scenario, there is a second file (File 2) that includes logical block B that is associated with FSB1. Logical block B is associated with data (D2). At time T=2, client application node B processes a write request that results in D2 (with fingerprint FP1) being stored in a location in the storage pool associated with [SOV, offset B] (which is mapped to FSB1).

After D2 has been stored in the storage pool, the metadata node determines that FP1 is present in the B-tree and, as such, D2 may deduplicated. At this stage, the metadata server updates the mapping for logical block B to now map to FSB0. Further, the metadata server frees the previously allocated (or pre-allocated) FSB1. Thus, FSB1 may be used to store other data. Further, D2 (which is stored in storage pool) is marked for garbage collection. The process then ends.

In step 822, when the data may not be deduplicated, the fingerprint provided in Step 812 is stored in the aforementioned data structure on the metadata server and the metadata node commits the FSB. Committing the FSB includes storing, by the metadata server, the mapping between the file layout and the file system layout. The process then ends.

In-Line Error Detection and Correction Mechanism

In one or more embodiments of the invention, CSI (e.g. 104) implements in-line error detection and correction. The error detection and correction mechanism implemented in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention enables: (i) distributed generation of an error detection value (EDV) (e.g., a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) value); (ii) centralized storage of EDVs; (iii) a distributed determination of whether data is corrupted using EDVs; and (iv) transparent correction (from the perspective of the application requesting the data) of any corrupted data. Embodiments of the invention may enable the aforementioned actions to be performed in a manner that preserves the read and write performance of the CSI while concurrently ensuring that the data that is used by the applications (e.g., 212 in FIG. 2A) is valid (i.e., not corrupted) and correcting any invalid (or otherwise corrupted) data. Additional details about various embodiments of in-line deduplication are provided below in FIGS. 9-10 .

FIG. 9 shows a flowchart of a method of serving a write request using an in-line error detection mechanism in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. All or a portion of the method shown in FIG. 9 may be performed by the client application node and/or the metadata node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

The method shown in FIG. 9 may be initiated in the same or substantially the same manner the method shown in FIG. 7 . Turning to FIG. 9 , in step 900, a request to write data is received by the client FS container from the OS. Step 900 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 700 in FIG. 7 .

In step 902, the FS client obtains the data layout required to service the request. The data layout may be obtained using the [file, offset] in the request received from the OS. The data layout may be obtained from a cache on the client application node. However, if the data layout is not present on the client application node, e.g., because it was invalidated and, thus, removed from the client application node, then the data layout is obtained from the metadata node in accordance with FIG. 6 , steps 602-612.

In step 904, the FS client calculates an EDV (e.g., a cyclic redundancy value) for the data (i.e., the data that is specified in the request to write data) and locally stores the EDV, e.g., in local memory. The EDV may be generated using any mathematical operation (typically in the form of a polynomial function) that can be performed on the data to ensure that bits in the data do not get inadvertently flipped when the data is being transmitted over a network and/or is being stored. Non-limiting examples of the mathematical functions include CRC-8 and CRC-32.

In step 906, the FS client, using the data layout, obtains the [SOV, offset]. As discussed above, the data layout provides a mapping between file offsets (e.g., offsets within a file layout (e.g., 502)) and the [SOV, offset] in a SOV (e.g., 520). Accordingly, the FS client translates the [file, offset] into [SOV, offset].

In step 908, the [SOV, offset] is then provided to the memory hypervisor module to process. More specifically, the memory hypervisor module includes the information necessary to generate and issue one or more I/O requests that result in the data being written directly from the client application node (e.g., via a communication interface(s)) to an appropriate location in storage pool. Step 908 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 706 in FIG. 7 .

In step 910, the client application node awaits for confirmation from the target node(s) that the I/O request(s) generated and issued in step 906 has been successfully stored on the target node(s). Step 910 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 708 in FIG. 7 . The process may stop at step 910 or proceed to step 912 based on the same rationale described with respect to steps 708 and 710.

In step 912, the client application node (in response to the confirmation in step 910) sends a request to commit the data layout to the metadata node. The commit request includes the mapping between the file layout and the file system layout as well as the EDV generated in step 904. Step 912 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 710 in FIG. 7 . Upon receipt of the commit request, metadata initiates processing of the commit request issued in Step 912. As discussed above, the processing of the commit request may also trigger the invalidation of prior versions of the data layout that are currently cached on other client application nodes. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 7 , there are scenarios in which the data is written to storage pool but the corresponding metadata is not committed to the metadata node. In these scenarios, the EDV may still be maintained in the local memory of the client application node while the underlying data has been written to the storage pool and, as such, is not present on the client application node.

In step 914, the client FS container then notifies the OS that the data has been persisted. The OS may then send the appropriate confirmation and/notification to the application that initiated the request to persist the data. Step 914 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 712 in FIG. 7 .

In step 916, the metadata server (on the metadata node) receives the EDV as part of the commit request. Prior to step 916, the metadata node does not have a copy of the EDV.

In Step 918, the metadata node commits the FSB. Committing the FSB includes storing, by the metadata server, (i) the mapping between the file layout and the file system layout and (ii) storing the EDV with other metadata associated with the FSB. The process then ends.

FIG. 10 shows a flowchart of a method of serving a read request using an in-line error detection mechanism in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. All or a portion of the method shown in FIG. 10 may be performed by the client application node and/or the metadata node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

The method shown in FIG. 10 may be performed whenever an application initially attempts to read previously stored data and triggers a page fault.

In step 1000, the client FS container receives a request from a kernel module to resolve a page fault triggered by a read request from an application, where the request specifies at least one [file, offset] corresponding to the virtual address from the virtual address space of the application. Said another way, the virtual address associated with the page fault is translated into a [file, offset]. The [file, offset] is then sent to the client FS container.

In step 1002, the FS container sends a request to a metadata node to obtain a data layout associated with the [file, offset]. Step 1002 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 602 in FIG. 6 .

In step 1004, the metadata node receives the request from the FS client container.

In step 1006, the data layout associated with the [File, Offset] is obtained. The obtained data layout specifies a mapping between the [File, Offset] and corresponding [SOV, Offset] along with an EDV (e.g., a CRC value). The EDV may have been previously stored when the data was written to the storage pool (see e.g., FIG. 9 ).

In one embodiment of the invention, if the request in step 1002 specifies read only access, then the data layout will include [file, file offset] to [SOV, offset] mappings for the FSBs that include the data that the application (in the client application node) is attempting to read. In one embodiment of the invention, if the request in step 1002 specifies read write access, then then the data layout may include one set of [file, file offset] to [SOV, offset] mappings for the FSBs that include the data that the application (in the client application node) is attempting to read and a second set of [file, file offset] to [SOV, offset] mappings for the FSBs to which the application may write data. The dual set of mappings provided in the aforementioned data layout may be used to support a redirected write, i.e., the application does not overwrite data; rather, all new writes are directed to new FSBs. In the later scenario, the EDV associated with the [SOV, offsets] for writing data is null.

In step 1008, the data layout is sent to the FS client container.

In step 1010, the client application node receives and caches the data layout from the metadata node. The FS client may also create an association between the logical blocks in the file layout (e.g., 502) and the corresponding FSBs in the file system layout (504) based on the data layout.

In one embodiment of the invention, the FS client allocates an appropriate amount of local memory (e.g., local DRAM, local PMEM), which is/will be used to store the requested data when it is received from the storage pool.

Further, the FS client, using the data layout, obtains the [SOV, offset] (e.g., the FS client translates the [file, offset] into [SOV, offset]).

In step 1012, the [SOV, offset] is then provided to the memory hypervisor module to process. More specifically, the memory hypervisor module includes the information necessary to generate and issue one or more I/O requests that result in the data between copied directly (e.g., via a communication interface(s)) from an appropriate location(s) in storage pool to an appropriate location in the local memory on the client application node. For example, if the application is attempting to read data associated with logical block A (e.g., [File B, offset 3], then the memory hypervisor module would be provided with [SOV, offset 1] (which would be determined using the obtained data layout). The memory hypervisor module includes the necessary information to enable it to generate, in this example, one or more I/O requests to specific locations in the storage pool. Said another way, the memory hypervisor module includes functionality to: (i) determine how many I/O requests to generate to read the data associated with [SOV, offset 1]; (ii) determine the target of each I/O request (the physical location in the storage pool at from which data is to be read); and (IV) issue the I/O requests. The issuance of the I/O requests includes initiating the transfer of data from the appropriate location in the storage pool to the appropriate location in the local memory.

The communication interface(s) in the client application node facilitates the direct transfer of the data from the appropriate location(s) in the storage pool to the client application node. As discussed above, the storage pool may include storage media located in memory devices that may be on client application nodes, metadata nodes, and/or storages. Accordingly, for any given I/O request, the communication interface(s) on the client application node receives the data directly from communication interface(s) of the target node (i.e., the node that includes the storage media from which the data is being read).

In step 1014, in response to the I/O requests, the client application nodes receives data from one or more locations in the storage pool and stores the received data in the local memory (i.e., the local memory allocated in step 1010).

In step 1016, once the data has been read from the storage pool and stored in the local memory of the client application node, the client FS container calculates an EDV for the data stored in the local memory.

In step 1018, a determination is made about whether the EDV calculated in step 1016 matches the EDV received in step 1010. If the EDVs match, then the data is valid (i.e., not corrupted) and the proceed proceeds to step 1022; otherwise, the process proceeds to step 1020.

In step 1020, when the data is corrupted, the client application node initiates a rebuilding of the corrupted data. The rebuilding is done in a manner that is transparent to the application (e.g., 212). The specific mechanism to rebuild that corrupted data may vary based on how the data is protected. For example, if the data is protected using a RAID scheme, then one or more pieces of data along with one or more parity values may be used to rebuild the corrupted data. The invention is not limited to using RAID schemes to rebuild the corrupted data. Once the corrupted data is rebuilt, the process proceeds to step 1022.

In step 1022, the client FS container informs the OS (or kernel module in the OS) of the virtual-to-physical address mapping. The virtual-to-physical address mapping is a mapping of a location in the virtual address space and a physical address in the local memory (as allocated in step 1010). Once the aforementioned mapping is provided, the application and/or OS may read the data from the local memory of the client application node (i.e., without processing from the client FS container).

Data Protection

One or more embodiments of the invention support distributed data protection while maintaining the read and write performance of the client application nodes. More specifically, the metadata node includes functionality to: (i) manage the initial setup of the data protection scheme (e.g., the implementation of RAID-5, RAID-6, etc.); (ii) communicate the initial setup of the data protection scheme to the client application nodes; (iii) coordinate the distributed rebuild operations.

The management of the initial setup of the data protection scheme may include, but is not limited to: (i) identifying independent fault domains (described below) in the storage pool, (ii) generating mapped RAID groups using sets of the independent fault domains, where number of independent fault domains in each mapped RAID group is determined based on the specific data protection scheme, e.g., if RAID-6 is being implemented, then six independent fault domains are associated with each mapped RAID group; (iii) the information about the specific data protection scheme being implemented as well as the membership of each of the mapped RAID groups is provided to the client application nodes (e.g., for use by the memory hypervisor modules).

In one or more embodiments of the invention, an independent fault domain is a node or logical grouping of nodes that include storage media that is part of the storage pool (e.g., a client application node, a metadata node, and a storage node) where, when one node of the logical grouping of nodes goes offline and/or otherwise becomes inaccessible, the other nodes in the same logical grouping of nodes are directly affected. However, nodes in a different independent fault domain may be unaffected. For example, the storage pool may include memory devices in a set of six storage nodes, where each storage node is considered to belong to an independent fault domain. In this scenario, the six storage nodes may be associated with a single mapped RAID group.

Each mapped RAID group is associated with (or otherwise mapped to) a set of slices (see e.g., FIG. 5B). Said another way, all data or metadata associated with a given slice is stored in the associated mapped RAID group. For example, if slices A, B and C are associated with mapped RAID group 1 (which, in this example includes six storage nodes), then all data or metadata associated with slices A, B, or C is stored across the six storage nodes. In one embodiment of the invention, each slice associated with a mapped RAID group may be a data slice or a metadata slice.

FIG. 11 shows a flowchart of a method of servicing a write request using a data protection scheme in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The method shown in FIG. 11 may be performed by the client application node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

The method shown in FIG. 11 may be initiated in the same or substantially the same manner the method shown in FIG. 7 . Turning to FIG. 11 , in step 1100, a request to write data is received by the client FS container from the OS. Step 1100 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 700 in FIG. 7 .

In step 1102, the FS client obtains the data layout required to service the request. The data layout may be obtained using the [file, offset] in the request received from the OS. The data layout may be obtained from a cache on the client application node. However, if the data layout is not present on the client application node, e.g., because it was invalidated and, thus, removed from the client application node, then the data layout is obtained from the metadata node in accordance with FIG. 6 , steps 602-612.

In step 1104, the FS client, using the data layout, obtains the [SOV, offset]. As discussed above, the data layout provides a mapping between file offsets (e.g., offsets within a file layout (e.g., 502) and the [SOV, offset] in a SOV (e.g., 520). Accordingly, the FS client translates the [file, offset] into [SOV, offset].

In step 1106, the memory hypervisor module, using previously obtained information about the data protection scheme being implemented in the storage pool, divides the data (i.e., the data that is the subject of the request in step 1100) in to an appropriate number of data chunks. For example, if the data is 4K and the RAID protection scheme is RAID-6, then the data is divided into four 1K data chunks.

In step 1108, the memory hypervisor calculates one or more parity values, based on information it has previously received from the metadata node about the data protection scheme being implemented in the storage pool. Continuing with the above example, the memory hypervisor module generates a 1K P-Parity chunk and 1K Q-Parity chunk. At the end of step 1108, the memory hypervisor has six 1K chunks to write to the storage pool (see e.g., FIG. 5B). The aforementioned six 1K chunks may be referred to as stripe. Each 1K chunk needs to be stored in its own independent fault domain within the mapped RAID group. For example, if the mapped RAID group includes six storage nodes, then each storage node would store one of the six 1K chunks.

In step 1110, the memory hypervisor module includes the information necessary to generate and initiate the processing of one I/O request for each of the data and parity chunks. The processing of each of the I/O requests results in the data or parity chunk being written directly from the client application node (e.g., via a communication interface(s)) to an appropriate location in storage pool (as determined based on the data protection information previously obtained from the metadata node).

The communication interface(s) in the client application node facilitates the direct transfer of the data from the client application node to the appropriate location in the storage pool. As discussed above, the storage pool may include storage media located in memory devices that may be on client application nodes, metadata nodes, and/or storages. Accordingly, for any given I/O request, the communication interface(s) on the client application node on which the data resides transmits the data directly to communication interface(s) of the target node (i.e., the node that includes the storage media on which the data is to be persisted).

In step 1112, the client application node awaits for confirmation from the target node(s) that the I/O request(s) generated and issued in step 1110 has been successfully stored on the target node(s). Step 1112 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 708 in FIG. 7 . The process may stop at step 1112 or proceed to step 1114 based on the same rationale described with respect to steps 708 and 710.

In step 1114, the client application node (in response to the confirmation in step 1112) sends a request to commit the data layout to the metadata node. The commit request includes the mapping between the file layout and the file system layout. Upon receipt of the commit request, the metadata node processes the commit request. As discussed above, the processing of the commit request may also trigger the invalidation of prior versions of the data layout that are currently cached on other client application nodes. Step 1114 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 710 in FIG. 7 .

In step 1116, the client FS container then notifies the OS that the data has been persisted. The OS may then send the appropriate confirmation and/notification to the application that initiated the request to persist the data. Step 1116 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 712 in FIG. 7 .

Following the method in FIG. 11 , in one embodiment of the invention, the metadata node and/or other nodes in the CSI (e.g., 104) may determine or otherwise detect that one or more of the independent fault domains in a mapped RAID group has failed (i.e., the mapped RAID group is now considered a degraded mapped RAID group). The aforementioned determination may trigger a rebuild operation (see e.g., FIGS. 12A-12B) to rebuild the impacted slices. For example, consider a scenario in which a mapped RAID group is associated with slices A, B, and C and that the mapped RAID group is associated with six storage nodes (storage nodes 1-6), which protect the data (or metadata) in slices A-C using RAID 6. Thus, each 4K portion of data (or metadata) associated with slices A-C is stored as 6K stripe with 4K of data (or metadata) and 2K of parity in the mapped RAID group. Said another way, each of storage nodes 1-6 in the mapped RAID group store 1K of the 6K stripe. If storage nodes 4 and 5 fail, all of the stripes in the mapped RAID group are impacted as the 1K portions of the 6K stripes stored on storage nodes 4 and 5 are no longer available and have to be rebuilt. In this example, slices A-C are considered to be failed slices as a portion of the storage nodes in the mapped RAID group with which the stripes are associated have failed.

Once the failure of the mapped RAID group (or a portion thereof) is determined, a metadata node, in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention, initiates the rebuilding of the failed slices (also referred to as a rebuild operation) within the degraded mapped RAID group on a distributed per-slice basis. For example, all metadata slices are rebuilt by the metadata node while the rebuilding of the data slices is distributed across various client application nodes. In this manner, the slices are rapidly rebuilt in parallel. While the rebuild operation is being performed, the applications executing on the client application nodes continue to interact with failed slices as if they had not failed. For example, the application may continue to read data in accordance with FIG. 10 and, in the event that a read results in invalid data (e.g., due to the degraded mapped RAID group), then the invalid data may be rebuilt using valid portions of the stripe. Similarly, the client application nodes may continue to attempt to write data to the storage pool in accordance with FIG. 11 ; however, I/O requests to store data in the failed storage nodes of the degraded mapped RAID group will not be stored.

FIGS. 12A-12B show flowcharts of a method of rebuilding metadata and/or data in the degraded mapped RAID groups in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. All or a portion of the method shown in FIGS. 12A-12B may be performed by the client application node and/or the metadata node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

Referring to FIG. 12A, in step 1200, after the detection of a degraded mapped RAID group, a new mapped RAID group is created by the metadata node. The creation of the new mapped RAID group does not impact the use of the degraded mapped RAID group. Said another way, after step 1200, there will be both the degraded mapped RAID group and the new mapped RAID group, where the new mapped RAID group and degraded mapped RAID group may have a set of common members. For example, the degraded mapped RAID group may include storage nodes 1-6, where storage nodes 4 and 5 have failed. The new mapped RAID group may include storage nodes 1-3, 19-20, and 6, where storage nodes 19 and 20 are new storage nodes (or previously unused storage nodes) that are being used to replace failed storage nodes 4 and 5. The metadata server may keep track of new and/or unused storage nodes for use in new mapped RAID groups.

In step 1202, a new internal slice is created by the metadata node and associated with: (i) a new set of FSBs from the sparse virtual space and (ii) the new mapped RAID group. For example, the failed slice A is mapped to degraded mapped RAID group A, which includes storage nodes 1-6. The new internal slice A′ is mapped to new mapped RAID group A′, which includes storages node 1-4, 19, 20, and 6. Thus, data (or metadata) written to the new mapped RAID group A′ would be written as a 6K stripe (four 1K data chunks and two 1K parity chunks) across storage nodes 1-4, 19, 20, and 6. As will be discussed below, the creation of the internal file (which is not known to the applications executing on the client application nodes) allows the rebuild operation to take advantage of the file locking mechanism to temporarily prevent writes to FSBs associated with the degraded mapped RAID group while the data (or metadata) in the degraded mapped RAID group is read as part of the rebuilding operation.

Continuing with the discussion of FIG. 12A, in step 1204, a failed slice to rebuild is selected by the metadata node. The failed slice may be a metadata slice or a data slice. The method shown in FIG. 12A focuses on only rebuilding the failed slices (which the metadata node tracks).

In step 1206, a determination is made about whether the selected failed slice is a metadata slice. If the failed slice is a metadata slice, the method proceeds to step 1208; otherwise, the method proceeds to step 1210.

In step 1208, the rebuilding of the failed metadata slice is initiated by the metadata node (discussed below in relation to FIG. 12B). In step 1210, the rebuilding of the failed data slice is initiated on a client application node (see e.g., FIG. 12B). The metadata node may select any client application node to rebuild the data slice. Further, the metadata node tracks which client applications are rebuilding which data slices so that it can distribute the rebuilding of the failed data slices across multiple client application nodes.

In step 1212, a determination is made about whether there are any other failed slices that need to be rebuilt (i.e., failed slices that are not rebuilt or in the process of being rebuilt). If there are any other failed slices that need to be rebuilt, the process proceeds to step 1204; otherwise the process ends. The process shown in FIG. 12A initiates the distributed rebuilding of the failed metadata and data slices. Thus, one or more instances of the methods shown in FIG. 12B may be performed in parallel by one or more client application nodes and/or metadata nodes.

Referring to FIG. 12B, FIG. 12B shows a method for rebuilding a data slice in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.

As discussed above, when a client application node receives a data layout with read write access, the metadata server may block any other client application nodes from requesting read write access to the same data layout. In this manner, only one client application node is manipulating the data associated with a given data layout. Similarly, when rebuilding a new internal slice using contents of a failed slice, the client application node that is performing the rebuild operation needs to access both the data layouts associated with the failed slice and data layouts associated with the new internal slice. However, the client application node does not have any understanding of the concept of a slice; rather, the client application node only understands the concept of files. Accordingly, the metadata node creates the new internal slice and then creates a new internal file (out of the sparse virtual space) that is the same size as the new internal slice. This new internal file is then provided to the client application node to facilitate the rebuilding of the client application node.

More specifically, turning to FIG. 12B, in step 1220, a client application node receives a request to initiate the rebuilding of a new internal file with contents from source file (i.e., a file that corresponds to the failed slice). While the client FS container is aware of the new internal file, the applications executing in the application container are not aware of the new internal file.

In step 1222, a determination is made about whether the data layouts for the source file and the new internal file are available. This determination is made by sending a request to the metadata node and awaiting a response. In step 1224, if the data layouts for all FSBs in the source file and the new internal file are not available, then the client application waits until such time as it receives the requested data layouts. The data layouts associated with specific FSBs may not be available if any client application node in the CSI (e.g., 104) has previously requested a data layout with read write access to such F SBs.

In step 1226, when the requested data layouts are available for the source file and the new internal file, the data layouts (e.g., with read write access) are received or otherwise obtained from the metadata node. Once the data layouts are obtained, no client application nodes may obtain the data layouts associated with the source file or the new internal file until the method shown in FIG. 12B is completed. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the metadata node may permit client application nodes to continue to obtain read only access to data layouts associated with the source file while other steps in FIG. 12B are being performed.

The FS client, using the data layouts, obtains the [SOV, offset](s) for the entire source file and, in step 1228, the [SOV, offset]s are then provided to the memory hypervisor module to process. More specifically, the memory hypervisor module includes the information necessary to generate and issue one or more I/O requests that result in the data being copied directly (e.g., via a communication interface(s)) from an appropriate location(s) in storage pool to an appropriate location in the local memory on the client application node. For example, if the failed slice is made up of a set of 4K segments and the 4K segments are protected using RAID6, then each stripe is 6K with four 1K data chunks and two 1K parity chunks. If the degraded mapped RAID group included six storage nodes (1-6) and storage nodes 3 and 4 failed, then the memory hypervisor generates four I/O requests for each 4K segment in the failed slice, i.e., one 1K I/O request to each the operating storage nodes in the degraded mapped RAID group. The issuance of the I/O requests for all 4K segments includes initiating the transfer of data from the appropriate location in the storage pool to the appropriate location in the local memory.

The information regarding which nodes in a given degraded mapped RAID group have failed is provided to the memory hypervisor by the metadata node to enable the memory hypervisor module to generate and issue the aforementioned I/O requests.

The communication interface(s) in the client application node facilitates the direct transfer of the data from the appropriate location(s) in the storage pool to the client application node. As discussed above, the storage pool may include storage media located in memory devices that may be on client application nodes, metadata nodes, and/or storages. Accordingly, for any given I/O request, the communication interface(s) on the client application node receives the data directly from communication interface(s) of the target node (i.e., the node that includes the storage media from which the data is being read).

In step 1230, once the data requested in the aforementioned I/O requests is obtained by the client application nodes, the data or parity values that were on the failed nodes (e.g., failed storage nodes) are rebuilt in accordance with the appropriate data protection schemes (e.g., RAID 5, RAID 6, etc.). Continuing with the example from step 1226, assuming that the failed storage node 4 stored a 1K data chunk and failed storage node 5 stored a 1K P parity chunk, then in step 1230 a new data chunk (corresponding to the data chunk previously stored on failed storage node 4) is generated and a new 1K P parity chunk (corresponding to the data chunk previously stored on failed storage node 5) is generated.

In step 1232, the memory hypervisor module includes the information necessary to generate and initiate the processing of one I/O request for each of the rebuilt data and parity chunks. The processing of each of the I/O requests results in the rebuilt data or parity chunk being written directly from the client application node (e.g., via a communication interface(s)) to an appropriate location in storage pool (as determined based on the data protection information previously obtained from the metadata node).

The communication interface(s) in the client application node facilitates the direct transfer of the data from the client application node to the appropriate location in the storage pool. As discussed above, the storage pool may include storage media located in memory devices that may be on client application nodes, metadata nodes, and/or storages. Accordingly, for any given I/O request, the communication interface(s) on the client application node on which the data resides transmits the data directly to communication interface(s) of the target node (i.e., the node that includes the storage media on which the data is to be persisted). Continuing with the example from step 1232, the new data chunk is written to storage node 19 and the new 1K P parity chunk is written to storage node 20.

In step 1234, the client FS container notifies the metadata node that the rebuild of the new internal file is complete. The notification may be issued after the client application node receives confirmation from the target node(s) that the I/O request(s) generated and issued in step 1232 have been successfully stored on the target node(s).

In step 1236, upon receipt of the notification from step 1234, the metadata node confirms that no client application nodes are currently using any data layouts associated with the degraded mapped RAID group (e.g., the metadata node performs a recall operation). As discussed above, in step 1226 after the data layouts were obtained, no other client application node is permitted to obtain these data layouts with read write access; however, client application nodes may still obtain data layouts with read only access. In Step 1236 a determination is made about whether any such data layouts with read only access exist. If such data layouts with read only access exists, the metadata node may take steps invalidate such data layouts on client application nodes.

In step 1238, the rebuilt slice (which corresponds to the rebuilt internal file) is committed to the metadata node and information (e.g., RAID stripe geometry and any other information required for the memory hypervisor module to read and write data to the new mapped RAID group) about the new mapped RAID group is provided to some or all of the client FS containers for use by the memory hypervisor modules. In one embodiment of the invention, committing the new mapped RAID group includes updating the mapping between the corresponding file layouts (i.e., the logical blocks in the file layout) to the FSBs associated with the rebuilt slice. Further, the FSBs associated with the failed slice are freed from the sparse virtual space. The method shown in FIG. 12B allows for the failed slices to be rebuilt in parallel and for rebuilt slices to be atomically committed to the metadata node.

Returning back to step 1208 in FIG. 12A, the rebuilding of metadata slices is performed in substantially the same manner as the method shown in FIG. 12B except that processing of all steps are performed by the metadata node (instead a combination of the client application node and the metadata node).

The example(s) used in the description of FIGS. 12A-12B are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Data Security

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the CSI (e.g., 104) supports end-to-end data security. The data security includes encrypting the data (including metadata) at rest in the storage pool and using an encryption key scheme to limit which encryption keys are used with which portions of data (including metadata). The CSI may implement data security using either a symmetric or an asymmetric key scheme. In a symmetric key scheme, the same key is used for encryption and decryption; while in an asymmetric key scheme there is an encryption-decryption key pair, where the encryption key is used to encrypt data and the corresponding decryption key is used to decrypt data. An example of an asymmetric key system is a public key encryption (i.e., an encryption system that includes a public key and a private key).

In one embodiment of the invention, all metadata in the file system (e.g., data in the metadata portion of the sparse virtual space (512)) is encrypted using a static encryption key (or encryption-decryption key pair) (hereafter referred to as a “metadata key”). In one embodiment of the invention, data in the file system (e.g., data in the data portion of the sparse virtual space (510)) is encrypted using a per-snapshot static encryption key (or encryption-decryption key pair) (hereafter referred to as a “per-snapshot data key”). More specifically, the metadata server may periodically take snapshots of the sparse virtual space (510). A snapshot represents the state of the sparse virtual space (510) at a particular point in time (i.e., the time at which the snapshot was taken). For example, at time T=0 all data is encrypted using per-snapshot data key 0 (PSDK0). At T=1, a snapshot (SS1) is taken for the sparse virtual space. The data that is part of SS1 is encrypted using PSDK0. After the SS1 is obtained, new data may be written to the data portion of the sparse virtual space, and this data will be encrypted using PSDK1. PSDK1 will continue to be used as the PSDK until the next SS (e.g., SS2) is taken for the sparse virtual space. After the SS2 is obtained, new data may be written to the data portion of the sparse virtual space, and this data will be encrypted using PSDK2.

The metadata server maintains the metadata key as well as all of the PDSKs. Further, each of the aforementioned keys is identified using a corresponding encryption key identifier (EKI). This EKI is used to track which FSBs are associated with each FSB. In one embodiment of the invention, the metadata server and/or the file system maintains a relationship between the FSB-EKI to enable metadata node and the client application nodes encrypt data prior to it being stored in the storage pool and/or to decrypt data that is obtained from the storage pool.

Additional details about various embodiments of data protection are provided below in FIGS. 13-14 .

FIG. 13 shows a flowchart of a method of serving a write request using an encryption mechanism in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. The method shown in FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment in which data security and in-line deduplication are both implemented; however, the data security features may be used without in-line deduplication without departing from the invention. All or a portion of the method shown in FIG. 13 may be performed by the client application node and/or the metadata node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

The method shown in FIG. 13 may be initiated in the same or substantially the same manner the method shown in FIG. 7 . Turning to FIG. 13 , in step 1300, a request to write data is received by the client FS container from the OS. Step 1300 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 700 in FIG. 7 .

In step 1302, the FS client obtains the data layout required to service the request. The data layout may be obtained using the [file, offset] in the request received from the OS. The data layout may be obtained from a cache on the client application node. However, if the data layout is not present on the client application node, e.g., because it was invalidated and, thus, removed from the client application node, then the data layout is obtained from the metadata node in accordance with FIG. 6 , steps 602-612. The data layout includes the appropriate data key (i.e., a PSDK) that will be used to encrypt the data prior to it being written to the storage pool.

In step 1304, the FS client calculates a fingerprint for the data (i.e., the data that is specified in the request to write data) and locally stores the fingerprint, e.g., in local memory. Step 1304 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 804 in FIG. 8 .

In step 1306, the FS client encrypts the data using the data key to obtain encrypted data and locally stores the encrypted data, e.g., in local memory.

In step 1308, the FS client, using the data layout, obtains the SOV offset.

In step 1310, the [SOV, offset] is then provided to the memory hypervisor module to process. More specifically, the memory hypervisor module includes the information necessary to generate and issue one or more I/O requests that result in the encrypted data being written directly from the client application node (e.g., via a communication interface(s)) to an appropriate location in storage pool. Step 1310 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 706 in FIG. 7 .

In step 1312, the client application node awaits for confirmation from the target node(s) that the I/O request(s) generated and issued in step 1310 has been successfully stored on the target node(s). Step 1312 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 708 in FIG. 7 . The process may stop at step 1312 or proceed to step 1314 based on the same rationale described with respect to steps 708 and 710.

In step 1314, the client application node (in response to the confirmation in step 1312) sends a request to commit the data layout to the metadata node. The commit request includes the mapping between the file layout and the file system layout as well as the fingerprint generated in step 1304 and the EKI for the data key used to encrypt the data. Upon receipt of the commit request, metadata initiates processing of the commit request in Step 1318. As discussed above, the processing of the commit request may also trigger the invalidation of prior versions of the data layout that are currently cached on other client application nodes. Step 1314 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 710 in FIG. 7 . As discussed above with respect to FIG. 7 , there are scenarios in which the data is written to storage pool but the corresponding metadata is not committed to the metadata node. In these scenarios, the fingerprint and the EKI may still be maintained in the local memory of the client application node while the underlying encrypted data has been written to the storage pool and, as such, is not present on the client application node.

In step 1316, the client FS container then notifies the OS that the data has been persisted. The OS may then send the appropriate confirmation and/notification to the application that initiated the request to persist the data. Step 1316 occurs regardless of the result of the processing by the metadata node in steps 1318-1324. Said another way, the deduplication processing of the metadata node is done in a manner that is transparent to the client application nodes. From the client application node's perspective, the data has successfully been written to the appropriate location in the storage pool (i.e., the location determined by the memory hypervisor module)

Turning to the processing by the metadata node, in step 1318, the metadata server (on the metadata node) receives the fingerprint as part of the commit request.

In step 1320, the metadata server determines whether the fingerprint is currently present on the metadata server. Step 1320 is performed in a manner that is substantially similar to step 818 in FIG. 8 . If the fingerprint is present, then the data may be deduplicated and the process proceeds to step 1322; otherwise, the process proceeds to step 1324.

In step 1322, the data may be deduplicated in a manner substantially similar to step 820 in FIG. 8 . The process then ends.

In step 1324, when the data may not be deduplicated, the fingerprint provided in Step 1318 is stored in the aforementioned data structure on the metadata server and the metadata node commits the FSB. Step 1324 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 822 in FIG. 8 . The process then ends.

FIG. 14 shows a flowchart of a method of serving a read request using an encryption mechanism in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. All or a portion of the method shown in FIG. 14 may be performed by the client application node and/or the metadata node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

In step 1400, the client FS container receives a request from a kernel module to resolve a page fault triggered by a read request from an application. Step 1400 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 1000 in FIG. 10 .

In step 1402, the FS container sends a request to a metadata node to obtain a data layout associated with the [file, offset]. Step 1402 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 1002 in FIG. 10 .

In step 1404, the metadata node receives the request from the FS client container.

In step 1406, the data layout associated with the [File, Offset] is obtained. The obtained data layout specifies a mapping between the [File, Offset] and corresponding [SOV, Offset] and includes the data key(s) and corresponding EKI(s).

In one embodiment of the invention, if the request in step 1406 specifies read only access, then the data layout will include [file, file offset] to [SOV, offset] mappings for the FSBs that include the data that the application (in the client application node) is attempting to read along with a single data key (i.e., the appropriate PSDK) to decrypt the data. In one embodiment of the invention, if the request in step 1406 specifies read write access, then then the data layout may include one set of [file, file offset] to [SOV, offset] mappings for the FSBs that include the data that the application (in the client application node) is attempting to read and a second set of [file, file offset] to [SOV, offset] mappings for the FSBs to which the application may write data. The dual set of mappings provided in the aforementioned data layout may be used to support a redirected write. In this scenario, the data layout includes the data key required to decrypt the data that is to be read and another data key to be used to write the data. If the no snapshot has been created since the last time the data was written to the storage pool, then the only one data key may be provided as the same data key (i.e., the same PSDK) may be used for both reading previously encrypted data and encrypting new data prior to it being persisted.

In step 1408, the data layout is sent to the FS client container.

In step 1410, the client application node receives and caches the data layout from the metadata node. The FS client may also create an association between the logical blocks in the file layout (e.g., 502) and the corresponding FSBs in the file system layout (504) based on the data layout.

In one embodiment of the invention, the FS client allocates an appropriate amount of local memory (e.g., local DRAM, local PMEM), which is/will be used to store the requested data when it is received from the storage pool

Further, the FS client, using the data layout, obtains the [SOV, offset]. As discussed above, the data layout provides a mapping between file offsets (e.g., offsets within a file layout (e.g., 502)) and the [SOV, offset] s in a SOV (e.g., 520). Accordingly, the FS client translates the [file, offset] into [SOV, offset].

In step 1412, the [SOV, offset] is then provided to the memory hypervisor module to process. More specifically, the memory hypervisor module includes the information necessary to generate and issue one or more I/O requests that result in the data being copied directly (e.g., via a communication interface(s)) from an appropriate location(s) in storage pool to an appropriate location in the local memory on the client application node. Step 1412 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 1012 in FIG. 10 .

In step 1414, in response to the I/O requests, the client application nodes receives data from one or more locations in the storage pool and stores the received data in the local memory (i.e., the local memory allocated in step 1410).

In step 1416, once all the data is retrieved and stored in the local memory, the retrieved data is decrypted using the appropriate data key to obtain the decrypted data (which replaces the encrypted data stored in the local memory).

In step 1418, the client FS container informs the OS (or kernel module in the OS) of the virtual-to-physical address mapping. The virtual-to-physical address mapping is a mapping of a location in the virtual address space and a physical address in the local memory (as allocated in step 1410). Once the aforementioned mapping is provided, the application and/or OS may read the data from the local memory of the client application node (i.e., without processing from the client FS container).

Transparent Storage Tiering

In one or more embodiments of the invention, the CSI (e.g., 104) enables tiering of data (and metadata) in a manner that is transparent to the applications executing on the client nodes. Tiering corresponds to the ability for data (or metadata) to be stored in different types of storage media within the storage pool, where the different types of storage media have different properties. Each of the different types of storage media may be logical grouped into its own SOV. For example, if the storage pool includes three types of storage media—PMEM, NVMe devices, and Computational Storage, then each of then the storage pool may include three distinct SOVs, e.g., one per type of storage media. Each of these SOVs may be logically divided into slice, which are then mapped to FSBs in the sparse virtual space (see e.g., FIG. 5B). Further, the metadata node may track which FSBs (and/or slices) are associated with each type of storage media.

By supporting multiple types of storage media, the metadata node may then optimize the storage of data and/or metadata on the appropriate type of storage media. For example, important data (or metadata) (from the perspective of the metadata node and/or the client application node) or data (or metadata) that is frequently accessed may be stored in PMEM. Further, data (or metadata) of lower importance (from the perspective of the metadata node and/or the client application node) and/or that is less frequently accessed (relative to data (or metadata) stored in PMEM) may be stored in NVMe devices. Finally, data (or metadata) that is not frequently accessed may be stored in computational storage.

In one embodiment of the invention, the metadata node associates each type of storage media with a QoS tag and then associates these QoS tags with appropriate elements (e.g., the FS root, directories (dir), files, etc.) in the logical hierarchy of the file system (304). This information may be used by the metadata server to derive the QoS that is associated with a given piece of data (or metadata) without requiring the metadata server to maintain a granular mapping of which FSBs in the sparse virtual space are associated with which QoS tag. This information may then be used to allocate an appropriate FSB (i.e., an FSB that is associated with a segment of a slice in the SOV that corresponds to the derived QoS for the element). 15A-15B show a non-limiting example of how the metadata node maps the QoS tags in the logical hierarchy of the file system to specific segments in the appropriate slices in a SOV with the corresponding QoS (i.e., the QoS that matches the derived QoS for the element).

Turning to FIG. 15A, consider a scenario in which the storage pool includes three different types of storage media (Type 1, Type 2, Type 3), each associated with a different QoS (i.e., Type 1—QoS 1, Type 2—QoS 2, Type 3 QoS 3). Each of these types of storage media is associated with its own SOV—namely, SOV1 (1506) is only associated with Type 1 storage devices, SOV2 (1508) is only associated with Type 2 storage devices, and SOV3 (1510) is only associated with Type 3 storage devices. Further, each of the SOVs is divided into slices and the segments of the slice are mapped to FSBs in a sparse virtual space (1500). In this example, SOV1 (1506) includes slices A and B, with FSB 1 and FSB 2 each mapped to a distinct segment in slice A, and FSB 5 mapped to a distinct segment in slice B. Further, SOV2 (1508) includes slices C and D, with FSB 3 and FSB 4 each mapped to a distinct segment in slice C and FSB 6 and FSB 10 each mapped to a distinct segment in slice D. Finally, SOV3 (1510) includes slices E and F, with FSB 7 and FSB 8 each mapped to a distinct segment in slice E, and FSB 9 mapped to a segment in slice F. The metadata node includes one or more data structures to track all of the aforementioned information.

Turning to FIG. 15B, as discussed above, the metadata node maintains a data structure(s) that represent the logical hierarchy of the file system. An example of a logical hierarchy is shown in FIG. 15B, which represents the logical hierarchy as a hierarchical block tree (HBT). The root of the HBT is the FS root. The root and all elements (represented by blocks in the HBT) that are not leaf blocks in the HBT (e.g., “Dir”) correspond to metadata. The leaf blocks in the HBT (e.g., “File”) correspond to data. When the metadata is persistently stored in the sparse virtual space, it is stored in FSBs selected from the metadata portion (1502) and data stored in the sparse virtual space is stored in FSBs selected from the data portion (1504).

Each block in the HBT may (but is not required to) be associated with a QoS tag. If a block is associated with a QoS tag, then data (or metadata) associated with that block is associated with the QoS tag. Further, all blocks in the HBT that are connected to and below the block in the HBT and also do not have their own QoS tag implicitly have the aforementioned QoS Tag. For example, the FS root has a QoS tag of “QoS1 Tag”. Accordingly, FS root, Dir 1 Dir 2, Dir 5, File 3 and File 4 are associated with QoS 1 Tag, which denotes that the data or metadata associated with the aforementioned elements should be stored in an FSB that are: (i) located in the appropriate portion of the sparse virtual space (e.g., 1502, 1504) and (ii) associated with a slice from the SOV associated with QoS 1 (e.g., slice A, slice B in FIG. 15A). Further, while the block associated with Dir 4 is below the FS root, it has an explicitly specified tag—“QoS2 Tag”. Accordingly, Dir 2, File 1 and File 2 are associated with QoS 2Tag, which denotes that the data or metadata associated with the aforementioned elements should be stored in an FSB that are: (i) located in the appropriate portion of the sparse virtual space (e.g., 1502, 1504) and (ii) associated with a slice from the SOV associated with QoS 2 (e.g., slice C, slice D in FIG. 15A). Finally, while the blocks associated with File 5, and File 6 are below the FS root, they each have an explicitly specified tag—“QoS3 Tag”. Accordingly, Dir 3, File 5, and File 6 are associated with QoS 3 Tag, which denotes that the data associated with the aforementioned elements should be stored in an FSB that are: (i) located in the appropriate portion of the sparse virtual space (e.g., 1502, 1504) and (ii) associated with a slice from the SOV associated with QoS 3 (e.g., slice E, slice F in FIG. 15A).

While the aforementioned relationships and/or mappings described above and shown in FIGS. 15A-15B are known to the metadata node, these mappings are not known to the client application nodes. Rather, the client application nodes interact with the metadata node and the storage nodes without any knowledge of the aforementioned storage tiering. However, the metadata node ensures that the data written by the client application nodes is stored in storage media in the storage pool with the appropriate QoS by providing the client application nodes with the data layouts that ultimately direct the client application nodes to write the data to the appropriate storage media in the storage pool. FIG. 16 shows an example of how the metadata node provides the appropriate data layout to the client application nodes to transparently implement storage tiering.

Turning to FIG. 16 , FIG. 16 shows a flowchart of a method of generating and servicing a mapping request in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. All or a portion of the method shown in FIG. 16 may be performed by the client application node and/or the metadata node. Another component of the system may perform this method without departing from the invention. While the various steps in this flowchart are presented and described sequentially, one of ordinary skill in the relevant art will appreciate that some or all of the steps may be executed in different orders, may be combined or omitted, and some or all steps may be executed in parallel.

The method shown in FIG. 16 may be performed under the substantially the same conditions as described above with respect to FIG. 6 .

In step 1600, the client FS container receives a request from a kernel module to resolve a page fault. Step 1600 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 600 in FIG. 6 .

In step 1602, the FS container sends a request to a metadata node to obtain a data layout associated with the [file, offset]. Step 1600 is performed in substantially the same manner as step 600 in FIG. 6 .

In step 1604, the metadata node receives the request from the FS client container.

In step 1606, the metadata node determines the element within the file system to which the data layout request corresponds and then determines, e.g., by evaluating the HBT (as described above), the appropriate QoS.

In step 1608, in response to the request, the metadata server (on the metadata node) identifies one or more FSBs in the sparse virtual space. The FSBs are selected from the appropriate portion of the sparse virtual space (i.e., from the metadata portion or the data portion) and from FSBs that are associated with a SOV that has the same QoS as determined in step 1606.

In step 1610, the metadata server generates a data layout. Step 1610 is performed in manner substantially similar to step 608 in FIG. 6 .

In step 1612, the data layout is sent to the FS client container. Step 1612 is performed in manner substantially similar to step 610 in FIG. 6 .

In step 1614, the client application node receives and caches the data layout from the metadata node. Step 1614 is performed in manner substantially similar to step 612 in FIG. 6 .

In step 1616, the client FS container informs the OS (or kernel module in the OS) of the virtual-to-physical address mapping. Once the aforementioned mapping is provided, the application and/or OS may directly manipulate the local memory of the client application node (i.e., without processing from the client FS container). More specifically, once the method shown in FIG. 16 has been performed, the application may directly read and write data to the local memory of a client application node. When the application wants to persist the data, it may perform the method shown in FIGS. 7, 9, 11 , and/or 13 to persist the data to a location in the storage pool that has the storage type associated with the QoS (i.e., the QoS determined in Step 1610).

While data (or metadata) may be initially stored in a given type of storage (as determined in FIG. 16 ), it may be subsequently migrated to a higher or lower type of storage based on how the data (or metadata) is being used. The determination about whether to migrate the data and the subsequent migration may be managed by the metadata node (using any known or later developed migration policy) thereby not impacting the performance of the client application nodes.

For example, consider a scenario in which data is initially stored in a PMEM device. The metadata node may determine, based on a migration policy, that the data has not been accessed in some time and, as such, that it needs to migrated to a lower tier (e.g., NVMe (QLC) device, computation storage or cloud storage). Once this determination is made, the metadata server: (i) identifies a new location in the storage pool to which to migrate the data and (ii) either manages the migration directly by reading data from the current location and writing data to the new location in the storage pool or instructs the node on which the data to be migrated is located to copy the data to the node that includes the new location.

As an example for tiering out of PMEM to NVMe (QLC), the metadata node may coalescing writes that may have taken place across a wide range of files in PMEM and relocate them to a RAID6 protected NVMe (QLC) by issuing a large logged writes (e.g., 512K to 4 MB in size) to be optimized with respect to the RAID processing and also to impose the least possible burden on NVMe (QLC) devices.

As discussed above, one or more embodiments of the invention implement redirected writes (see e.g., FIG. 6 ), thereby enabling the CSI (104) to concurrently process writes that result in data being directly stored on PMEM devices and then, using the migration policy, transfer the data that was written to the PMEM devices to NVMe (QLC) using logged writes. Further, the aforementioned architecture enables the metadata node to provide data layouts to the client application nodes to enable the client application node to service read requests from either the PMEM device or the NVMe (QLC) devices (or from any other storage media).

Once the migration is completed, one or more mappings maintained by the metadata node (e.g., FIGS. 5A-5B) are updated to reflect the new location of the migrated data. The background migration of data may be performed in manner that is substantially similar to the manner in which the metadata server manages the RAID rebuild operations (see e.g., FIGS. 12A-12B).

In one embodiment of the invention, if the data (or metadata) is stored in computational storage, then the data (or metadata) may be, e.g., compressed prior to it being stored where the compression is performed directly on the computational storage device prior to storing the data and in a manner that is transparent to the client application nodes. Further, because the data is compressed on the computational storage, the write performance on the client application node is not impacted.

In one embodiment of the invention, the migration policy may result in data stored in the PMEM or NVMe devices being de-staged (or migrated) to a cloud storage (which may be an object store). In this scenario, this scenario, each file that is to be moved is associated with an object identifier (OID) (which is recorded by the metadata node) and then file (as an object) is uploaded to the cloud storage. If there is a subsequent read of the file, the metadata node will locate the file in the object store using the OID and then initiate the copying of the file to the appropriate location in the storage pool based on, e.g., the storage tiering policy being implemented (see e.g., FIG. 15A-15B). Further, if there is a write request directed to the file, because the CSI (104) implements redirected writes (see e.g., FIG. 6 ), then the client application node may write data for a file to an appropriate location in the storage pool based on, e.g., the storage tiering policy being implemented (see e.g., FIG. 15A-15B) while the metadata node is copying the prior version of the file from the cloud storage into another location in the storage pool.

While one or more embodiments have been described herein with respect to a limited number of embodiments and examples, those skilled in the art, having benefit of this disclosure, would appreciate that other embodiments can be devised which do not depart from the scope of the embodiments disclosed herein. Accordingly, the scope should be limited only by the attached claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for storing data, the method comprising: obtaining, from a metadata node and by file system (FS) client executing on a client application node, a data layout; generating, by the client application node, a fingerprint for the data stored on the client application node; generating, by a memory hypervisor module executing on the client application node, at least one input/output (I/O) request, wherein the at least one I/O request specifies a location in a storage pool, wherein the location is determined using the data layout; issuing, by the memory hypervisor module, the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, wherein processing the at least one I/O request results in at least a portion of the data being stored at the location; and after issuing the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, transmitting the fingerprint to the metadata node, wherein the metadata node attempts to deduplicate the data using the fingerprint.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving a request to write the data to the storage pool, wherein the data is associated with a [file, offset], and wherein the data layout provides a mapping between the a [file, offset] and a [scale out volume, offset].
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: issuing, by the client application node, a request to commit metadata associated with the data to the metadata node, wherein the metadata comprises the data layout and the fingerprint.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the location in the storage pool is a location in a memory device.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the memory device is located on a storage node.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the storage pool comprises the memory device, a second memory device on the metadata node, and a third memory device on the client application node.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the at least one I/O request is issued directly to the storage node and is not processed by the metadata node.
 8. The method of claim 4, wherein the memory device is a persistent memory (PMEM) device.
 9. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a processor, enables the processor to perform a method for storing data, the method comprising: obtaining, from a metadata node and by file system (FS) client executing on a client application node, a data layout; generating, by the client application node, a fingerprint for the data stored on the client application node; generating, by a memory hypervisor module executing on the client application node, at least one input/output (I/O) request, wherein the I/O request specifies a location in a storage pool, wherein the location is determined using the data layout; issuing, by the memory hypervisor module, the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, wherein processing the at least one I/O request results in at least a portion of the encrypted data being stored at the location; and after issuing the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, transmitting the fingerprint to the metadata node, wherein the metadata node attempts to deduplicate the data using the fingerprint.
 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, the method further comprising: receiving a request to write the data to the storage pool, wherein the data is associated with a [file, offset], and wherein the data layout provides a mapping between the a [file, offset] and a [scale out volume, offset].
 11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, the method further comprising: issuing, by the client application node, a request to commit metadata associated with the data to the metadata node, wherein the metadata comprises the data layout and the fingerprint.
 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein the location in the storage pool is a location in a memory device.
 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 12, wherein the memory device is located on a storage node.
 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the storage pool comprises the memory device, a second memory device on the metadata node, and a third memory device on the client application node.
 15. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 13, wherein the at least one I/O request is issued directly to the storage node and is not processed by the metadata node.
 16. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 12, wherein the memory device is a persistent memory (PMEM) device.
 17. A system, comprising: a client application node comprising a processor and configured to: obtain a data layout from a metadata node; generate a fingerprint for the data stored on the client application node; generate at least one input/output (I/O) request, wherein the I/O request specifies a location in a storage pool, wherein the location is determined using the data layout, wherein the storage pool comprises a memory device in a storage node and wherein the location is in the memory device; issue the at least one I/O request to the storage node; and after issuing the at least one I/O request to the storage pool, transmit the fingerprint to the metadata node; the metadata node comprising a second processor and configured to: provide the data layout to the client application node; and attempt to deduplicate the data stored in the storage pool using the fingerprint; and the storage node comprising a third processor, the memory device and configured to: process the at least one I/O request, wherein processing the at least one I/O request results in at least a portion of the data being stored at the location.
 18. The system of claim 17, wherein the storage pool further comprises a second memory device on the metadata node and a third memory device on the client application node.
 19. The system of claim 17, wherein the at least one I/O request is issued directly to the storage node and is not processed by the metadata node.
 20. The system of claim 17, wherein the memory device is a persistent memory (PMEM) device. 